Salisbury University Police Department CRASE Training

[00:00:00.00] [BACKGROUND CHATTER]

[00:12:05.78] - Good morning. We're going to go ahead and start now, so please take your seats. I'm Lieutenant Dave Del Fonzo, and on behalf of the Salisbury University Police Department, I'd like to thank you for coming out this morning. I'd like to take this time to introduce the command staff of the police department, Chief Lashley, Lieutenant Sandra Bradley, and Lieutenant Joel Davies.

[00:12:34.85] We really appreciate you coming out today. This is some really good training. I think you're going to enjoy it. Your eyes will be opened, and hopefully you'll learn some skills that will help keep you alive if you ever find yourself in a life and death situation.

[00:12:49.07] At this time, I'd like to introduce Sergeant Ted Antal and Trooper First Class Steve Holman of the Maryland State Police.

[00:13:05.39] - Got the mic on? There we go. All right. So my name is Sergeant Ted Antal, just like he said. Little background about myself. I was in the state police for about 13 years now. I spent the first five years of my career on the road in patrol. I went to investigations for three years, and then I became a supervisor. I work out of [INAUDIBLE].

[00:13:21.48] So now I teach civilians about active shooter and how to combat it, but I also teach law enforcement. So I go up to the Academy and teach our new recruits and also teach allies on how to deal with active shooters.

[00:13:33.58] So today we're going to do a program called CRASE. It stands for Civilian Response in Active Shooter Event. All right? CRASE was developed by ALERRT. ALERRT is another acronym-- we like our acronyms, sorry-- stands for Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training.

[00:13:47.51] So in 1999, Columbine High School shooting happened. And us in law enforcement did a lot of things that were incorrect. We didn't do a lot of things that were incorrect because we didn't do what we were trained to do. However, the training that we were receiving at the time was not adequate to deal with the situation. So the FBI went to Texas University and say, hey, what do we need to do to teach law enforcement how to deal with these situations? And they developed ALERRT.

[00:14:09.91] About 2013, ALERRT decided, hey, what is the main target? Well, the main target are civilians. Well, we need to train them just as much as we need to train law enforcement on how to deal with these situations. So they started this CRASE program.

[00:14:24.26] Me and Steve have trained about-- were about 3,000, 3,500 people so far we've trained. Steve has gone all across the country and trained this program. So it's near and dear to our heart.

[00:14:36.16] The program today is broken into four parts. The first one is active shooter events, what we've seen across the country and what we've seen across the world. The second part is the psychological and physiological response to an active shooter event. All right? What your body and your mind is going to go through and, more importantly, how you can combat it, what you can do to lower your heart rate and to be less stressed out in these situations and think clearly. Next part is the meat and potatoes. It's what you do during active shooter event, all right? The whole theme behind this is you're not helpless. There are things you can do to increase survivability. And then last part is police response. That's what most people find interesting. What's going to happen when law enforcement shows up?

[00:15:11.95] So I'm going to do the first two-- I'm sorry, last two, and Steve is going to do the first two. I'm going to turn it over to him.

[00:15:23.51] - See if we can get this mic going here. Good to go. All right. So it's good to be with you this morning. Again, as Sergeant Antal said, my name is Steven Holman. I'm a TFC with the Maryland State Police. I'm currently assigned down to Worcester County right now as an investigator down there, so doing detective work. And actually, as of tomorrow, I'll be back up here in Salisbury working for the homicide unit, so that will be a good transition for me. My background actually is in education. I was a second grade teacher for almost five years before getting into law enforcement. And I was pursuing my master's degree down at UMES-- am I allowed to say that here? All right. Good deal. That one time? I only get once? All right. Free pass. Well, I was pursuing that down there, and the state police interrupted that. No, I can't blame them. I chose to go over there when they made the call to me to come join their ranks and go through their training. So it was a good transition. I worked here on the road in Salisbury for four years before actually going over into investigation. So it's been a good journey.

[00:16:26.27] What you're going to find today, however, is something that we are confronted with all across the world, unfortunately. It's something that we have to take a look at, and we have to examine it very seriously. And constantly, every month, we're getting updates and learning from these things. What you're getting today from Sergeant Antal and myself is just part of the learning curve that we have been riding since we've been instructing this program.

[00:16:53.88] It's a phenomenal program that has come out of Texas State University. The executive director down at ALERRT has just poured himself into a team of people that are providing very good research into a program like this. What I believe sets this program apart from all of the other ones that are out there is the strong emphasis on the psychology and the biology of what's going on with individuals as they face these traumatic events, both during incident and post-incident, which is very important to remember.

[00:17:30.35] We are going to go through actionable steps today, things that you can physically do to improve your chance of survivability during these events. But we have to understand the psychological piece that goes on. The military, law enforcement, first responders go through these heightened training scenarios in order to prepare ourselves for how we are going to respond. In many cases, we tend to believe we're going to do better than what we actually do in the absence of training. So we have to have that training to provide that foundation for where we might go.

[00:18:03.41] This slide that I'm placing up here right now is one that we've developed actually from doing this training here on the ground on the eastern shore. A lot of questions would come in as, well, Trooper Holman, how does this fit into what we're currently doing? Or, I don't know if we want to see the program, because we already have a good plan as to what we want to do. Well, I want to reassure you today that this hierarchy that we have up here is just to create a framework in understanding where you can place what you're going to learn today. All right?

[00:18:36.05] So if we look at something like this, we have a critical incident planning team, in many cases, or critical incident planning that must occur in any organization. We have to do what we can to keep people safe. That's important. I think we can agree to that.

[00:18:51.38] But then that branches out. We have a prevention side, and we have a mitigation side that must occur. So if we can do things and put things in place that can keep bad things from happening, we're going to do it. All right? This is not an exhaustive list, by any means, but we do things like security. We have regulation. We have law enforcement presence. All right? You all have a direct law enforcement presence right here on this campus, which is a huge benefit when it comes to increasing survivability chances during these events. All right? That's a benefit to you.

[00:19:22.31] We could extrapolate that out very far and just constantly brainstorm and roundtable all the different things we do for prevention, but the other side of that is the mitigation side. What can we do to minimize this impact when it happens? As we know, evil exists in the world. It's going to continue to exist in the world. So how can we best deal with that when it does actually happen? All right?

[00:19:47.49] So that breaks down, then, into these two other parts. We have an EOP, emergency operation plan. I can tell you right now you all have probably multiple ones based on department, based on building, and then there's campus wide emergency operation plans that are in place. All right? I know directly from speaking with your police department here, this campus is very proactive, reaching out to all resources throughout the state and coming up with the best models and best plans.

[00:20:15.80] But what do we know about EOPs? They're these protocols, those thick manuals that a bunch people got in a room. We decided, hey, this is what we'd like to see happen when an emergency hits, and those are what we want to train. Those are what we want to practice.

[00:20:29.92] But once we get to the point that either bullets are flying or explosions are happening, then, all of a sudden, people individually have to start being able to work the problem and execute that plan. Let me give an illustration. If you look over on the other side over here, we have an individual plan model, which is where CRASE fits in, the program you're seeing today.

[00:20:55.95] Look at it this way. When I was a teacher in the beginning of October, big, red, shiny fire trucks would show up at the school. It was fire prevention week at the school. A great time. Kids were empowered to learn how to be safe, specifically dealing with the threat of fire. A pretty phenomenal thing when you think about it.

[00:21:17.31] A little bit of pushback we get often when talking about this program is we don't want to scare people. We don't want to worry people. We don't want to have to deal with that atrocity that is people dying at the hands of others, whether it be from bullets or bombs or knives or cars like we just saw in Toronto. We don't want to have to deal with that.

[00:21:36.16] But I submit to you right now that, looking at children as an example, they are empowered when we teach them these things. They love learning about how to be safe. I mean, really think about it. We've been training kids and creating a culture in the United States of training children how to stay safe from fire, something that could actually touch their body, consume them in an extremely painful death. Yet when you train them, when you teach them, that knowledge that they gain, it completely diminishes that level of fear. It creates a culture that kids say, hey, I can get through this. I know what to do.

[00:22:19.38] What do those kids do when they leave my classroom back when I was teaching, and they go home, and they would go to their parent, go to a family member and say, hey, can I have a piece of paper? Can I have a crayon? What would they create? They would draw a little house. They would draw a tree in the backyard. They'd draw a little squiggly line. Maybe some of you remember doing it as a child. What did they just do? They created an emergency operation plan. They created an evacuation plan. They created a reunification point in the backyard where they were going to meet with their family.

[00:22:51.95] But what did those kids learn that day when those firefighters came in with all their turnout gear and taught them what to do when they catch fire? Stop, drop, and roll, right? Imminent threat to their safety-- immediate safety-- they learned an individual plan, how to get through that bad situation and then execute their emergency operation plan to get the rest of the way out of the house. An important step that, for a long time-- and ALERRT did a great job identifying this down at Texas State-- that, hey, we need to give people an immediate plan they can do when their life is directly impacted, and they're not able to walk through and execute this emergency operation plan.

[00:23:41.60] So when we think about that, or in light of that, how can we best get our mind right in terms of looking towards having good quality training? And that's where we are today.

[00:23:56.45] So when people say-- as you debrief this and talk to others about it-- well, we already have a plan, you can stop them, say, no, no, no. That's not what I'm talking about. I'm talking about giving you something extra that goes onto that plan without any major meetings that have to occur, right, or walking through a bureaucratic system or getting approval. This is things that you can apply here and now to keep you safe, which is the whole goal when we think about this.

[00:24:28.28] So just some things for thought up here, some reasons to train-- these are more of the legal variety, but we have a standard of care that has to be maintained. We have to think about, what is the standard of care that we provide to people, and do we have a duty to protect? Things you have to think about. I bring this up just because we're seeing nationwide, with the increase of these horrific events, there's a legal aspect to this, right, liability that comes into play. So if you are, again, faced with a little bit resistance of, well, I don't know that we need that type of training, just think of these simple things right here that we have to consider as any organization, all right? Again, some framework.

[00:25:16.76] What I will tell you right before we get into some of these videos and audio clips that we're about to enter into is today we are going to look at some pretty awful things. I want to assure you that we're not going to see any blood or gore or anything like that, but I'm encouraged by the fact that you all willingly came here this morning, but we have to understand. We have to learn from these bad things. And one of the best ways to do that is to look at how some of these events have unfolded in the past. Again, what you're going to see here is not any blood and gore, but it's going to be some videos and some audio clips that are hard to be around. And I just want to let you know that ahead of time. If, for any reason, you need to step out of the room during a video, please feel free to do that, all right? It's no problem. When the video ends, step back in. We all come from different backgrounds. We've had different levels of trauma that have impacted us, and I don't want you to have to relive something that would cause a significant problem for yourself. So just think about that as we move through. Again, when they come on just feel free to step out if you need to. When they're over, you may re-enter enter the room without any issue at all.

[00:26:31.55] So the first thing we're going to look at here, or actually listen, to is a call placed from Patty Nielson at Columbine on April 20, 1999. We probably all remember at some level, all right, this day. This was one of the first times we see the atrocity that happened in a school play out on TV, and it really hit close to home.

[00:26:56.98] It was also the time that law enforcement went through this drastic paradigm shift that Sergeant Antal talked about earlier where we have to change our tactics to meet this specific type of threat, which we've done and a lot of you have seen very effectively in good ways because of some of the training and things-- lessons learned from Columbine.

[00:27:16.08] I'm going to let you listen to Patty as she places this 911 call. She was a staff member at Columbine on that fateful day, and she did some really good things and some things that we can learn from when she placed that call.

[00:27:29.22] But more importantly, in this moment, what I want you to start to do is look inward and feel how your body's going to change in these very moments as we watch this. You are going to experience some physiological changes going on in your body. Your HPA axis, all right, within your body-- your hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, where all those hormones, the cortisol, the adrenaline, all those things begin to operate is going to happen in the very moment that we listen to this. Now, it might be on a much smaller level, but I want you to be aware of it.

[00:28:02.97] Think about how your heart rate's going to change. Think about how your breath rate is going to change. And then, in turn, think about what that's doing actually to your blood pressure inside your body. You have to be aware of the physiological changes that are happening in your body when there's an emergency, and that will help you walk through it. And we will talk about some strategies a little bit later. So listen to Patty as she walks through this incident.

[00:28:29.74] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Jefferson County 911.

[00:28:33.17] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE]

[00:28:49.92] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Has anyone been injured, ma'am?

[00:28:52.34] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE] Yes. And the school is in a panic, and I'm in the [INAUDIBLE] Heads under the table! Kids are screaming [INAUDIBLE]

[00:29:08.03] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) OK. We're getting them there.

[00:29:10.50] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE]

[00:29:11.02] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Who is the student, ma'am?

[00:29:11.98] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) I do not know who the student is. [INAUDIBLE] I was on hall duty. I saw a gun. I said, what's going on out there? [INAUDIBLE] see what was going on. He pointed the gun straight at us and shot. My god, the window went out and the kid standing there with me, I think he got hit. [INAUDIBLE]

[00:29:34.75] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) OK. We've got help on the way, ma'am.

[00:29:38.04] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) Oh, god! Oh, god! Kids, just stay down.

[00:29:42.39] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Do you know where he's at?

[00:29:43.88] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) I'm sorry?

[00:29:45.38] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Do we know where he's at?

[00:29:47.24] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) OK. I'm in the library. He's upstairs. He's right outside of here.

[00:29:49.65] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) He's outside?

[00:29:51.13] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) He's outside of this hall.

[00:29:53.61] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Outside [INAUDIBLE]

[00:29:55.11] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) There's smoke. My god, smoke is, like, coming into this room. I've got the kids under the tables here. I don't know what's happening in the rest of the building. I'm sure someone else is calling 911.

[00:30:07.00] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) We have a lot of people on. OK. I just want you to stay on the line with me. We need to know what's going on. OK?

[00:30:11.44] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) OK. I am on the floor.

[00:30:13.42] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) OK.

[00:30:14.90] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE] And I've got every student in the library. On the floor! You guys, stay on the floor!

[00:30:20.33] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Is there any way you can lock the doors?

[00:30:22.31] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) Smoke is coming from out there, and I'm a little-- the gun is right outside the library door, OK? I don't think I'm going out there.

[00:30:29.23] [INTERPOSING VOICES]

[00:30:33.26] - I've got the kids on the floor.

[00:30:42.24] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) We have paramedics, we have fire [INAUDIBLE] en route, OK, sir?

[00:30:46.73] [INTERPOSING VOICES]

[00:30:52.22] - I thought it was--

[00:30:54.71] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Just try and keep the kids in the library calm. Is there a way you can block the door so no one can get in?

[00:30:59.20] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE] I guess I can try to go. But I mean, like, he's right outside that door. I'm afraid to go out the door. I told the kids to get on the floor. All of the kids are on the floor. [INAUDIBLE]

[00:31:23.00] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) OK. As long as we can keep everyone as calm as we can.

[00:31:26.84] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE]

[00:31:29.34] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE]

[00:31:31.33] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE]

[00:31:33.32] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) OK. Keep everyone low to the floor.

[00:31:38.79] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) [INAUDIBLE] Stay on the floor. Stay on the floor. Stay under the tables. I don't know. I don't know. I said, what has that kid got? He was outside at the time. And I was on hall duty. Oh, god. He was like, woo-hoo-hoo. I do not know who the student was. I don't even [INAUDIBLE] He was wearing black. [INAUDIBLE]

[00:32:28.06] I said, [INAUDIBLE]

[00:32:33.53] That's not, you know, a play gun, a real gun. I was going out there to say no. Oh, my god. That was really close. [INAUDIBLE]

[00:32:51.66] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) What's your name, ma'am?

[00:32:54.13] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) My name is Patti.

[00:32:55.12] DISPATCHER: (ON PHONE RECORDING) Patti?

[00:32:56.60] - (ON PHONE RECORDING) He's yelling, everybody get up right now. [INAUDIBLE]

[00:33:03.06] - A horrific day, to say the least, for all involved. Just after 11:00, the attacks started where the two monsters came onto that campus. And right around 11:29 is when they made entry into the library where over 50 students were located at. From 11:29 to approximately 11:35-- about six minutes time-- 10 students were dead. 12 others were wounded. That's a lot of destruction in a short period of time that can happen during these events.

[00:33:35.10] Something I just want to get your attention to-- we will talk about a little bit further here in a few minutes. But when Patti was looking out, and her mind was trying to wrap around what was actually occurring, she made a few statements, particularly around where she thought it was a cap gun, you remember her saying that? That's a specific type of psychological opinion or inference that was going on in her mind when she was going through a period of denial, which we will talk about, which is important to understand.

[00:34:10.24] But those that were caught up in this horrific day were in that building. And then at 12:00 is when the first SWAT teams actually made entrance into that building, so you're talking almost an hour, right, from the onset to when they came in, not because they were doing things inappropriately. They came. They set up a perimeter. They waited. They executed everything just as they should have.

[00:34:36.94] But what did we learn? That's not good tactics for dealing with an incident like this. So we retrained and learned. As soon as the SWAT team made entrance into that building at about 12:02-- and literally a few minutes before 12:10, both shooters committed suicide. Cowards. As soon as they were confronted with a proactive push of some kind-- this being from law enforcement-- the attack ended. And in many cases, that is what we are seeing. Something to keep in mind. Being active versus passive is going to be really important during these types of incidences.

[00:35:16.63] Let's talk briefly about some of the more recent instances. This is not an exhaustive list, by any means. But as you know, everything in our society is driven by data, right? If we want to make change, if we want to do something, we have to see the research behind it. Dr. Blair down at Texas State University created this amazing study that has now covered over 200 incidences of active shooter attacks that have unfolded, or we can use a better term, active assailant or active threat that we're seeing now, because we know that not all of these instances happen with guns. They can happen with cars. They can happen with knives, machetes. We see all the different types of attacks.

[00:35:57.07] We have to keep in mind, though, as we look at this what the parameters are. If there's any research-- those of you in this room are probably very familiar with many different types of research, right? We have to set the parameters--

[00:36:09.66] [INTERPOSING VOICES]

[00:36:10.86] - So Dr. Blair went at great lengths to decide, hey, what do we want to look at when it comes to these attacks? There's a general definition where three or more people are wounded in an attack that constitutes a mass casualty incident under the federal guidelines of crimes.

[00:36:29.29] But what we want to look at with these attacks is specifically the motive, to the best it can be known, of the attacker where they are sheerly looking for a body count. It's very important to understand someone who's looking for a body count and people being dead versus someone who wants to get your money or your wallet, right? Those are different. So we want to try and find specifically what people are looking at or their motive when it comes to some of these attacks.

[00:36:57.47] So going with a basic definition up here on the screen, this is the broad definition for the study that was used. An active shooter event involves one or more persons engaged in killing or attempting to kill multiple people in an area occupied by multiple unrelated individuals. Mass killing, that's what we're talking about here, just a broad definition.

[00:37:17.80] The results of this study, which can be found-- if you just literally Google active shooter FBI study, it will probably be the first hit that comes up on your computer screen. It's a PDF document. You can download the whole thing and read it. It's a great read in terms of understanding what's behind this.

[00:37:35.74] But they determined that, unlike a defined crime such as murder or mass killing, the active aspect inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and citizens have the potential to affect the outcomes of the event based upon their responses. It's very important that civilians know that we are not being passive in these instances. We are taking action. That action runs a broad spectrum of what we do, but we do not want to be hiding and hoping and waiting for the good guys to come. You have an active role to play during these instances. That's important to understand.

[00:38:10.74] What about the shooter? So the study looked at it. Well, the shooter covered people from teenagers all the way through elderly individuals, all genders, all races, that were covered in this. No specific profile, avenger mind set. Trying to make something right, righting a wrong in most of these cases, and some level of broadcast. Obviously, with social media now, that's kind of up the ante in terms of what we see for broadcast, identifying those red flags in individuals.

[00:38:40.06] What are those risk factors? These are real common, especially what we see the media pushing out, which, in a lot of ways, is great so we can look at these and be aware of these. History of violence, exposure to violence, substance abuse, mental illness, suicidality, stalking harassment behavior, negative family dynamics, isolation, and others are concerned about this individual, right? One of these in and of themselves-- it's called life, right? It's when we start creating this list that we need to have our radar kind of amp up and create some concern. It's when we need to start bringing things attention to maybe a boss, maybe a teacher, maybe the police department to say, hey, I don't know if something is here, but these are some of the red flags I'm seeing in this individual that's concerning.

[00:39:26.00] I will tell you right now, doing a basic threat assessment as a law enforcement officer is no problem at all. It's very easy. We get a lot of phone calls that, hey, these are some red flags we're seeing. We'll look into it, check it out. A lot of times, we can immediately diffuse it and say, hey, here's the reason why. This is what it looked at. There's no active threat here. All right? And in other cases, we're going to take appropriate action. We see that happening all around the nation. It's important to understand that there are resources out there.

[00:39:51.68] It's also important for civilians to know, in many cases, you're not going to have the resources or the tools available to you to do a proper assessment yourself. And what do we hear from a lot of people after the fact? Well, I thought something was off. My gut, you know, my intuition was there, but I didn't quite know what to do. It's not your role, so to speak, to know how to handle it. It's your role to report it, right? And let maybe a psychologist, a counselor, a doctor, a teacher, law enforcement deal with actually doing a proper assessment and looking at that individual. So we have to keep those things in mind.

[00:40:28.13] The study looked at 200 events up through 2015, and what we can see from this map from the United States-- they happen everywhere, all right? They are concentrated in our urban areas, absolutely. We can see that. But what we know is they're going to happen in any possible community, all right? That was very true. I recently had the privilege of sitting down and hearing some survivor stories, both from Virginia Tech-- I heard a mother speak about her daughter who was killed up in Newtown, Connecticut, at Sandy Hook, that just horrific event that happened up there. And it happens everywhere. And that was the message these survivors were trying to get out is, get rid of that mentality, that head in the sand mentality, oh, it's not going to happen here. It can happen anywhere in the United States.

[00:41:18.45] Where is most likely this going to impact you? Well, research says in places of commerce, when you're out running your errands, when you're out to dinner with your family. That's where you're most likely to be impacted by one of these events. Second is our education or our higher educational institutions. We also have our outdoor environments, just open air areas, and then other [INAUDIBLE], our military bases, our churches, places of worship, things of that nature.

[00:41:45.93] So what do we see? We see an uptick in all of these, unfortunately, that are happening. Just over 50%-- just over 50%. There's some type of connection. It is important to identify those red flags in people we work with, people we go to school with? Absolutely. Identify those red flags, and then pursue a method of trying to figure out if there's actually anything behind those red flags.

[00:42:09.98] Looking at just a few events-- we look at this attack. This out in UC Santa Barbara was an attack that was so dynamic. It encompassed shooting, a car. It involved a knife. So we have all these weapons at play during one specific attack. What do we know from this? These things are dynamic. They change. They evolve. And people need to be ready to move and evolve with them if they're caught in the middle of these attacks.

[00:42:38.91] I talked about earlier about the comparison or illustration with stop, drop, and roll, right? It's a good illustration, but in many ways, it oversimplifies what you're going to do during an attack, right? Stop, dropping, and rolling is inherently different than getting away from bullets, but where the plans intersect, that's where they have that commonality.

[00:43:00.41] But these things are dynamic, and they change. We have to be aware of our surroundings. Get your eyes out of your phone, right? Open up your eyes when you're out in public, looking around, being aware of what's going on so you're not caught in the wrong place at the wrong time.

[00:43:14.85] The Pulse nightclub-- this debriefing that came out on this incident, it looked at many different aspects, but one thing that we can take away from this-- and, again, not taking away from those that were caught up in the middle of this, because they were put in a position that I, myself, have never been in, a mass attack like that. They had to deal with something that was just beyond what many of them could understand. But during this attack, the shooter's gun actually malfunctioned. When the police looked at his cell phone that he had, guess what he was googling? How to fix his gun. OK?

[00:43:56.29] Are there windows of opportunities during an attack for people to take action? Absolutely. There is always going to be a level of downtime, whether that's when someone is in a different area, the attacker may be in a different area. Maybe an attacker has to reload his weapon. Maybe his weapon malfunctions. That happens more often than not. There are opportunities, and this is just a good case study, if we look at that one aspect of it, that we can actually learn from.

[00:44:29.69] New York City-- remember the U-Haul vehicle that drove up on the sidewalks? Killed many people? We just saw this happen yesterday up in Toronto. All right? People are using vehicles. They're great weapons, very heavy weapons, when driven very fast into crowds. We have to be aware. When you're in a city, when you're walking across the street, right, to get some food, not everybody's just looking to go north and south, right? We have to open up our eyes, be aware of our surroundings.

[00:44:59.95] Sutherland Springs, the Texas shooting. Great opportunity to talk about where civilians are stepping in to address these situations immediately, right? That civilian, he stepped right in and helped diffuse that situation with a rifle.

[00:45:15.07] Parkland, right? This one created a lot of anxiety most recently for good reason. A lot of lessons being learned from this incident. One thing I want to bring attention to-- and I want to talk about this picture for a minute right here of these kids basically doing that hands up, right, surrendering to law enforcement entering the room, which is exactly what they should have done.

[00:45:38.10] Now, I don't know the whole parameters and what was going on during this picture, but I want to use it as just a isolated illustration of something we have to be careful of. When I see groups of people, groups of students, huddled together in open areas, I don't like to see that, right? Lessons learned. We're always learning from these instances. Again, I can't speak directly to what was going on during that incident, but I just want to use it as an idea that, hey, if that law enforcement officer that's coming in that room was actually a shooter, how easy of a target does he have? OK? Not that that's what they did during the actual incident, but I just want to show you up there, in many cases, we've seen this happen, where people group up. They're in open areas and become very easy targets. We don't want that to happen. That's connected to a lot of psychological behavior that we're going to talk about in a few minutes that I think you'll be able to kind of connect the dots here in a minute. So again, just something I want to bring your attention to.

[00:46:40.68] Now we're going to get into the disaster response piece. This is the psychology. This is the physiological changes that are going to be happening, and this is what I believe is really the meat and potatoes behind this type of training where we have to understand what's going on with ourselves, so bear with me. Stay with me, and we'll walk through it. There might be some doctors in the room or nursing students or people with higher levels of biology training than what I have, but I'll try and give it to you on a simplistic, tactical level, if you will, as we walk through this.

[00:47:17.01] It all comes from, in this presentation, mostly from this book right here, The Unthinkable, written by Amanda Ripley. Phenomenal read. If you are a reader, I highly recommend this book. What Amanda did-- she was a senior writer for Time magazine. She traveled the world talking to individuals who survived these atrocities or horrific emergent events. And she learned some very specific things in that all these survivors do very similar things, whether it's a plane crash, whether it's your car getting caught up in a river, whether it's a hurricane, a tornado, an active shooter event, a suicide bomber. Survivors do similar things, and she wanted to kind of lace those together, find the common thread, and she boiled it down to actually something that we know to be true to begin with from psychology, from a lot of research. We go through stages-- denial, deliberation, and the decisive moment, that moment that we act.

[00:48:15.82] Now, psychologists have called this many different things. These are the words, right, the semantics that she used when it comes to this stuff, but understanding these three stages is vital to getting through any emergency. Whether it's a vehicle crash or whether it's an active shooter event, you're going to go through these stages. The quicker you get through these stages, the more likely you are to survive. All right? I'm oversimplifying it. I'm breaking it down. But these stages, you will go through, or you'll get stuck at one and, unfortunately, become a casualty, which is what we typically see for those that are injured or killed during these incidences.

[00:48:53.53] [GUNFIRE ON VIDEO]

[00:49:02.86] Bangs going off, that audio clip of those gunshots going off. Our mind has to do something when our senses know that something's going on. Whether we see something, whether we hear something, whether we smell something, there's a specific stimuli that's entering our scope of understanding, right, our world, and we have to do something with it. Our brain has to process it.

[00:49:31.02] Now, what we know to be true is our brain tends to try and process it based on previous experience. Is this a threat, or is this not a threat? It's called something that psychology looks at called a normalcy bias. It's our tendency to expect things to always be as they are. The brain will first try to describe the new situation as normal, which what? Delays action. When I see something that doesn't fit, I have to try and process it. We hear that term "rationalizing" a lot, right? Oh, come on, he's just rationalizing that, trying to understand it. If we have a new, novel concept that enters our world, we have to deal with it.

[00:50:18.08] Another illustration I like to use for normalcy bias is if any of you have ever traveled to a hotel, and you've been traveling all day, you're tired, you're exhausted, you're worn out. You get in about 1:30. Finally, you get a shower, you lay down in bed, just slip into sleep, and a loud fire alarm starts going off, right? How many of you jump up and run out of your room? Ever been in a dorm on campus when that happened? Does everybody just, oh, my goodness, I have to evacuate.

[00:50:54.57] My experience is that, typically, you say, that's just probably a drill. Somebody pulled the fire alarm. Someone was smoking in the hallway. And what do we tend to do? We tend to delay. It it's really important, somebody will come knock on my door and tell me I probably need to leave. All right? That's rationalizing that incident. We have this ability to go back in our mind, our memory, and say, hey, most of the time that that fire alarm went off, it wasn't an actual emergency so that we delay action, all right? Just one example of it. We don't want to delay. We want to investigate what's going on.

[00:51:37.45] I spoke earlier-- what did Patti do? She immediately thought it was what? A cap gun. Do loud continuous bangs or small explosions-- that's what's happening inside of a gun-- should that be happening on any educational campus? No. I don't care if it is a cap gun. But what does she do? Oh, I thought they were, you know, filming something. I thought it was just something that students were doing. You have to go investigate these things to determine whether or not it is a threat. The only way to move through denial effectively and efficiently is to investigate, to determine whether or not there is actually a threat or not. Very important to understand.

[00:52:20.02] This next phenomenon that happens in the denial stage is something called a social proof. This was huge at 9/11. What we know to be true is that humans exist in groups. We like to be in groups, for the most part. And when we're in groups, we look to others to determine how we are going to actually act. That's why our culture is so inundated with leadership, right? Why we need leaders. Because, if we have leaders, they can pull people through an event, whether it's in a business setting, whether it's in education setting, whether it's in any type of vocational setting. We look to others to determine how we should act.

[00:53:07.13] Now, again, there's lots of levels to that, but we like to be in these groups. I'm going to show you a video here of a social experiment. If you've seen that primetime show What Would You Do?, it's kind of right out of the pages of that, a psychologist looking at how people act. It's very important when it comes to an emergency, because if there is an emergency and someone recognizes it quickly and acts, guess what most of the others that are caught up in that moment are going to probably do? They're going to act. They are going to follow suit. Very important to understand how this works.

[00:53:41.08] NARRATOR: (ON VIDEO) Plays like this street in New York City. If you are unfortunate enough to be the victim of a crime or taken ill unexpectedly, you might think that, surrounded by all these people, someone would intervene. After all, isn't there safety in numbers?

[00:53:57.58] Psychologists say no. Research suggests that, often, a victim is less likely to receive assistance when surrounded by a group rather than a single bystander. When people are in a crowd, it's easier to pass the buck. It's what psychologists call the diffusion of responsibility.

[00:54:16.17] Liverpool Street Station in London-- a busy thoroughfare for commuters. Unknown to these passersby, Peter is an actor. As part of an experiment on bystander apathy, he's pretending to be ill.

[00:54:34.14] - (ON VIDEO) Help. Help.

[00:54:35.95] NARRATOR: (ON VIDEO) How long before he gets help?

[00:54:42.89] - (ON VIDEO) Help me, sir. Please help me.

[00:54:46.20] NARRATOR: (ON VIDEO) Helping would be inconvenient or even risky. He lies there for more than 20 minutes, and no one raises an eyebrow.

[00:54:54.04] - (ON VIDEO) Please, somebody help me.

[00:54:57.03] - It's always very distressing to watch situations like this where people are obviously suffering, and no one's actually helping them. But what we have here is two conflicting rules. One is the rule we ought to help, and the other is a rule that we ought to do what everybody else is doing. And here you have a group of-- effectively, a group of strangers who are exerting the pressure not to intervene, not to help, and it's very difficult to rebel.

[00:55:19.69] NARRATOR: (ON VIDEO) Ruth, another actor, takes Peter's place. How long before she receives help? Four minutes later, and 34 people have passed without stopping.

[00:55:43.84] - People don't really want to know-- they just haven't got the time. Or they have got the time, they just don't want to get involved.

[00:55:49.58] NARRATOR: (ON VIDEO) Unwittingly, these strangers have silently formed a temporary group with the rule, don't get involved. They are afraid to stand out from the crowd and won't take action if no one else does. This woman has clearly spotted Ruth, but she conforms to the rule and does nothing. Watch what happens, though, when someone else helps.

[00:56:14.68] - You all right? You all right?

[00:56:17.09] - Yes, thank you.

[00:56:18.06] - Sure? You look a little bit [INAUDIBLE].

[00:56:19.51] NARRATOR: (ON VIDEO) She suddenly finds herself in a different group with a new rule, to help.

[00:56:26.98] - You all right? Yeah. What's wrong?

[00:56:29.98] - I thought she was dead. Then I checked to see if she was breathing or not. And I looked around, and I couldn't believe that no one had noticed her, because there was a bloke who just sat there, just absorbed with reading the newspaper.

[00:56:41.98] - So, again, as we look at something like this, there's a lot of levels that we could sit and unpack this as to why people do respond. But, in fact, what we want to look at specifically is how, when that one man went over to do something, someone who was kind of in limbo about, what should I do? She immediately-- it was enough to give her that courage to take a little bit more action. And that's important during emergencies. When we're talking about lots of people in one area, if we have individuals that are prepared to take action, we see a much better result post-incident when we are debriefing these things. A very important concept to understand to give a little bit more gravity for why we train and why we should encourage others to train.

[00:57:25.89] So if we can get through denial, we recognize a threat to be a threat, and we have to take action. We arrive here at deliberation. Now, what's critical about deliberation is that one of two things is going to happen. You're going to have a plan and you can move on immediately, or you have to come up with a plan. The problem with coming up with a plan under an incredible amount of stress is that plan is not very effective, right? It takes a lot more to execute that plan if we don't have one.

[00:57:59.31] This chart is what many military personnel, law enforcement, first responders, we live and die by things like this in a very literal way, because this heart rate chart that was made famous by Lieutenant Colonel David Grossman, a psychologist up at West Point and now travels the world training individuals, taking a look at a chart like this and understanding, when your heart rate is in these specific zones or codes, we react and do things during each one of these. And some of these are much better than others, which I'll tell you why here in a moment.

[00:58:33.75] If you think of these-- code white, code yellow, code red, code gray, and code black-- as these different codes, as an incident increases, as a stimuli enters your system, you're going to have physiological changes. You're going to have hormonal changes that are going to change. Code white-- resting heart rate. Calm time in your life, right? Maybe Saturday morning. You get up, have a cup of coffee. You have nothing to do that day. Your cognitive ability is very high. You are relaxed. It is a relaxed state. You can think. You can do. You can problem solve very effectively. You have your fine motor skills available to you. You have your gross motor skills available to you, while they're not at the peak of-- they're not optimized would be the best way to say, they're still available to you to use. You are in control of your body in those moments.

[00:59:37.53] But as a stimuli enters, that heart rate starts to go up. That blood pressure changes, right? That breath rate changes as you need more oxygen into your body.

[00:59:49.71] So when we have a stimuli-- say now it's Monday morning, and you have to be at work, but your cell phone goes off before your alarm clock. Know what I'm getting at? Boss is calling. Hey, where are you at? Oh, my alarm didn't go off. Right? Do we all say that? Did the alarm probably go off? Yeah. We just didn't hear it, right? So tell the truth, right?

[01:00:12.41] So you have now this immediate anxiety this stress, right, this external stimuli that enters because you're late, and now what normally takes you 35 minutes to get ready for work took you three. OK? And you can suddenly get there. Your body is giving you what you need to get through that emergent event. That's an emergency. Right? Maybe not a life and death one, but it's an emergency to your body. It initiates that fight, flight, or freeze response within your system, which is important to understand.

[01:00:47.69] So as things increase, we also lose the ability to have certain things. You can even think of a chart that goes right along with this as a bell curve, right? We have an incident, right, a stimulus, right, going up. Arousal is going up as your heart rate goes up. And it reaches a peak point. And then as that bell curve on the other side starts to come down, your arousal might still be high, but your performance to get through that event is dropping. Keep that in mind as we talk about this.

[01:01:19.91] Let's go up to right around 120 beats per minute, code red. Code red is awesome. During code red, your heart rate is high. What do we know is diminishing at this point? Your cognitive ability is starting to go down. Your gross motor skills are peak performance right now because you have maximum blood flow to your extremities. Why do we think professional athletes train in code red, that 120 all the way up to 150 beats per minute? We're not necessarily in that anaerobic state where we're trying to get that oxygen, but we're at a high level of function where we can work through any situation, specifically if we've trained for it. And now our body is optimized to deal with it.

[01:02:11.23] Have you ever heard those stories where that person ripped the car door off or lifted the car off of someone, bigger, faster, stronger? Guess what zone they were operating in? Code red.

[01:02:22.12] We also know other things are beginning to happen, though. If we are not trained to exist and operate in code red, your heart rate's not just going to stop there. It's going to continue to escalate, especially if you experience a dynamic attack like multiple shooters or an explosion going off. You have more stressors entering your circle, right? More stimuli means that I have to be able to deal with this situation on a much different level.

[01:02:52.79] So as I've moved through code red, I might be getting up towards code gray. At this point, I need to do something about it. I need to take countermeasures to control what's going on, which we will talk about, but let's talk about the downside, why performance drops when we get up here into this code gray.

[01:03:10.29] Well, our cognitive ability is starting to pretty much go away at this point. We're not thinking clearly. We're making poor decisions. Our gross motor skills are actually declining at this point, right? Performance is dropping because now that blood flow that was out in our extremities is starting to pull into our core, into our major organs, because our body is going into preserve life mode. That's very important to understand, all right, with how our blood is circulating through our bodies in this moment. We're starting to get what's called tunnel vision, where my peripheral vision is gone, and I'm starting to focus on the threat. I'm staring at the threat. I'm trying to deal with that threat.

[01:03:49.75] Auditory exclusion creeps in, right? When we have auditory exclusion, we're starting not to hear anymore. You think that's important for someone who's stuck in code gray or creeping to code black? And they're not hearing you. You're yelling at them, and they're, like, just blank expression. Right? We, a lot of times, say, oh, they're in shock. Well, they're not in complete shock. They're in a paralytic state of shock. But they're slightly different than shock from trauma itself, physical trauma.

[01:04:22.45] At this point, your pupils are actually starting to constrict, where, when we were in code red, they were dilated. Our night vision is awesome when we're in code red, right? We can see really well at night. We're good at night. But down in code gray, it's starting to constrict. We can't see quite as well. We're starting to be downhill, and bad things are about to happen if we don't do something about it.

[01:04:50.01] And the last stage, if we get there-- which I hope none of us ever do-- is that code black, that tactical shut down. This is that paralytic state where we freeze and do nothing. And guess what we just became? A perfect target, the very people these monsters are searching for, someone that's going to offer no resistance, that's not going to counter anything they are doing. You just became a very easy target.

[01:05:23.02] We have to take countermeasures to push back on this chart. If we can operate in code yellow or code red, that's right where we want to be. In reading and talking to pilots-- specifically fighter pilots-- they actually, up on their gauges, their instrument panel within their jets, they'll actually put a yellow dot, or on their aviation watch, they'll have a yellow dot. Why? To remind them, stay there. That's where you want to be. You want a high level of cognitive function. You want your motor skills to be available to you. You want to be able to problem solve and evolve with what you're trying to deal with, not just be overcome by it. And very important to think about and be aware of.

[01:06:11.46] With that in mind, let's talk about the brain. We have a human brain and the lizard brain. If you come from a psychology field, there's a lot of talk around the reptilian brain, which is where that's pulled from, right? That very instinctual brain, that very responsive brain, very emotional brain.

[01:06:34.02] What we know about the human brain is it's very good at problem solving, working a problem, moving through an event, addressing the situation, controlling feelings, controlling emotions. But it's also very slow. That takes time.

[01:06:53.82] A lizard brain-- that instinctual response is very fast. It's very important, right, for the animal kingdom if a predator is coming in to eat a lizard-- maybe a bird of prey is coming down to eat that lizard, what's it going to do? It's going to run, right? Or maybe if it has camouflage, it's going to freeze, and it's going to blend into its environment. It's going to adapt to that moment. It's going to use those very simple fight, flight, or freeze responses that are available in the animal kingdom. The problem with that is it's not good against that dynamic attack. If you have a complex attack, and you only have those three options available to you, right, you might get stuck in one of them and can't move to different stages or do different things. Very important to understand when it comes to where your mind is.

[01:07:46.77] Now, what I will tell you is most of us, on a given day, are operating with the human brain intact, all right? That's where we exist. When we get stressed out, we are going to move over to the lizard brain. We are going to creep there, especially if that heart rate goes up, those stimuli enter, we start to go more to an emotional, instinctual response.

[01:08:09.90] This is why training is so important, because what's really called is the human brain can be used to train the lizard brain. A simple example of that is the muscle memory talk. Has anybody ever sat through a muscle memory talk, right? We need to do something 3,000 to 5,000 times, depending on the study you read, to get something committed to muscle memory. What are you doing there? You're taking your very human brain, and you're training your lizard brain, so we have those automated responses to a specific incident. That's why we have to train and think about these things ahead of time.

[01:08:48.70] Here's the case study. This is used to bring it all together. This is a floor plan of the Station nightclub up in Rhode Island that burned down several years ago. And we're going to watch the video as this unfolds. We're going to watch how people went through their color stages from white to black. We're also going to examine the human brain and lizard brain.

[01:09:10.38] Up here, if you look at this chart, you have numbers for the exits. One in the middle there, two, three, and four up at the top by the stage. There's a reporter over here studying overcrowding at nightclubs, and he is going to have a smaller recorder, and you're going to see pyrotechnics go up on the stage just as the band begins to play, and it's going to catch fire. Very quickly, that fire is going to consume this building, and the people will have to respond to it.

[01:09:37.90] One thing I want to say ahead of time is watch the people. They will not immediately go into a state of panic like Hollywood likes to portray to us when we have these instances. They are going to move very methodically. You're going to see them almost processing what's going on in these very moments.

[01:09:53.52] What do we know about panic is that panic doesn't happen until the latter stages, right? Panic happens when we feel alone, we feel that we have no hope, and we feel that death is imminent. In the last few stages is when panic sets in. Prior to that, there's a lot of time to do some good. So watch this video and how it unfolds.

[01:10:18.53] [MUSIC PLAYING]

[01:10:53.46] [PEOPLE YELLING]

[01:10:59.95] [FIRE ALARM SOUNDING]

[01:11:20.41] [PEOPLE SCREAMING]

[01:12:11.31] NARRATOR: (ON VIDEO) On February 21st, 2003, 100 people lost their lives and 230 were injured in one of the deadliest nightclub fires in US history. The fire was caused by pyrotechnics that were set off as the band Great White began to play its opening song. The illegal indoor use of outside fireworks led to the igniting of highly flammable soundproofing foam in the walls of the stage. Within 30 seconds of the fire starting, the entire stage was engulfed.

[01:12:42.40] Most of the 462 occupants ran through the narrow hallway of the front entrance. The entryway soon became packed with terrified people all trying to leave at once. Some were trampled to death as the frightened crowd tried to escape the smoke and flames that were closing in behind them. In the chaos, the front door became a tangled mess of bodies as dozens of people piled on top of each other in a frenzied attempt to flee. Within five and a half minutes, the entire club was engulfed in flames, and hundreds of lives were lost.

[01:13:17.24] - That's 100 people dead. Five minutes. These things happen extremely quickly. If we look up here at this floor plan of that club that night, we see, in the middle there where it says entrance, that's exit one. Then we have exit two to the top left. Bottom left is exit three, and over on the right at the stage exit is exit four. The little dots, the yellow circles with the number in them, that's where bodies were located. And this is a rough crime scene drawing from that nightclub. You have some people back up in the offices, in the bathroom area and the bar area. 31 people, though, right at exit one.

[01:13:59.14] What was exit one? Why did everybody try and go out there? That's where they came in. Human brain or lizard brain at that point? Lizard brain, right? Instinctual. Emotional. I have to get out of here. I don't have time to find a different exit. I have to go to what I know. We revert back to what we know to be true. In the absence of training, you're going to go with what's in that short term memory. Well, this is where I came in. This is where I'm going to leave.

[01:14:35.19] Had these individuals come in and-- maybe, I'm speculating here, OK?-- opened up their eyes and said, hey, there's an exit there. There's an exit there. There's an exit there. Hey, there's the band. There's the bar. I know what I'm going to do tonight. OK. Good to go. You have a strategy within a few seconds of entering a building. Every time you walk into a building, you should know multiple exits. Those little fancy signs above the doors everywhere, they're there for a reason. It takes a very, very short amount of time to identify where exits are within a building, because we do a really good job of identifying here in our culture. Know them. Have more than one exit to get out of a place.

[01:15:18.30] If you watch that video-- I know it's hard to see up on the screens up there, but individuals-- as soon as that fire broke out, did everybody exit? No. They-- oh, this isn't good, right? Then they start to exit. That's a delay. That is delay. Precious time. Was that precious time for those 31 individuals that was lost? Absolutely. Absolutely.

[01:15:42.75] But what do we know? What can we say for sure? I don't know all the parameters about the other exits, but what can we say for sure at those other three exits? Nobody died. Presumably, people left them. Well, I can tell you there was a major delay-- I don't know how many people went out the stage exit. The bouncer didn't want people out there, because that was just for the band. Right? You know, maybe a learning opportunity there, all right, for businesses and organizations. Make sure those exits are available. We make a big deal about fire exits, right, and fire lanes in stores. They are important, especially on a bad day.

[01:16:20.62] That tangled mess of bodies that the video talked about, everybody was stuck there. Many of those people did not die, unfortunately-- or fortunately, however you look at it-- from smoke. They died from the sheer compression of bodies, because every time you exhale, your chest cavity gets a little smaller, and if there's pressure on that and you can't get another breath, asphyxiation sets in very quickly. Right? We have to understand how to get out of places efficiently.

[01:16:52.49] So what do we do? I told you all this awful stuff. How do we take countermeasures? It's very simple. But if you don't practice it, it won't work and be available to you right away.

[01:17:04.31] Deliberation-- in this phase is about planning, right, thinking about that code chart-- code white to code black-- here's what you do. First, you have to tell yourself to calm down. Any time you're in an emergency, you must verbalize calm down. It is vital. It is restoring hope to the situation.

[01:17:27.77] People's understanding of hope varies at different levels but it is very important. Think about when paramedics and police officers arrived to a scene, and you have people frantic, or maybe yourself had to stop out with someone one time. What do you typically say before anything else? Sir, ma'am, I need you to calm down. It's going to be OK. Why? Because you are detached from that situation, and you can actually see what's going on. You can restore hope by verbalizing. It's important to say it out loud. In that moment, verbalize it, because, in many cases, those people think there's no hope, and they're going to die, or there's going to be a horrific outcome in the moment.

[01:18:06.38] A story that I tell of myself here often is when I was-- I think it was 11 years old, my family, we'd always go down to the marina where we had a boat, and I would sit on the dock all day long and fish. It's what I loved to do. I would just sit there as a boy and just fish, catching catfish and all kinds of different fish. One day, I caught a large catfish. It came up on the dock. If you know anything about catfish, they have three spiny fins on them, right? I reached down to grab that, and that catfish squirmed, and its fin went right through my finger, came out the other side.

[01:18:37.67] I will tell you right now, for an 11-year-old that did not have a good understanding of trauma, the world was ending for me, OK? The world was ending. I cried. I screamed. It hurt, but I'll tell you I didn't scream and cry because of the pain. I thought they were going to have to cut my finger off. That's what my brain was telling me because I had no understanding of the situation. My father kind of comically kind of laughed and, like, grabbed a pair of pliers and was going to just cut the fin off and take me to the hospital. Like, he wasn't even upset, you know? He's like, I put a drill through my finger before. No big deal. You know? It'll be OK.

[01:19:20.62] What was he trying to do? He was trying to restore hope to the situation. I didn't have a basis of understanding for the trauma that just impacted me, and so I was overreacting. I was causing a system shutdown of my body that didn't need to happen. Even though it was painful, the greatest cause of concern was my mental state in that moment.

[01:19:41.76] I understand that that's a microcosm of a larger incident, but that's the same thing that happens in our brain. We don't understand what's going on, so we have to restore hope to that situation. It's vital that you do that.

[01:19:54.83] The next and probably best thing you can do is combat breathe or tactically breathe. If you do yoga or meditation, you're great at this. It's just circular breathing. It's slow, controlled breathing to retake control of that sympathetic nervous system, right? You let the parasympathetic nervous system take back over, that calming down, relaxing moment that you need. I learned four counts of four. If I breathe in, it's through the nose. When I breathe out, exhale, it's through the mouth. I'm going to breathe in for four. I'm going to hold for four. I'm going to exhale for four, and then I'm going to wait for four. That's how I learned it. You may have learned a little bit differently.

[01:20:37.91] Two successful cycles of circular breathing, research has shown it can lower your breath rate and heart rate by 20 to 30 beats per minute effectively. Two effective cycles of that. I'm telling you right now, that takes practice before a bad event happens. Do it at night before you go to bed. You'll fall asleep a lot faster, I promise you. All right? Very effective. Do this.

[01:21:06.55] I remember being on the road doing this a lot as a young trooper, especially when I had a supervisor say, hey, guess what? You're going to train somebody. I said, OK, that sounds good. Good to go. And then we're out doing our thing, and one day, all of a sudden, someone decides not to stop, and now I'm in the passenger seat in a high speed chase. It's not a place you want to be. OK? Not a place you want to be.

[01:21:29.34] But I had a role to do, and the very first thing I said to this young trooper was, hey, calm down. I actually kind of said it a little bit probably too aggressive. I probably caused more stress. I was like, calm down, man. And I was actually probably a little too worked up, because I didn't want to die. But I was telling him, calm down. I said, look around. Open up your eyes. What are you seeing? Talk to me. I was just trying to distract him in the moment. He did an awesome job, but it was a stressful environment, and I knew I had to get that heart rate down, because I could tell he was just freaking out. Training your body is very important.

[01:22:05.59] You have to shift your emotions, as well. Fear is going to creep in. Fear doesn't have to be an awful thing. It makes us faster. We can respond a little better. We have to acknowledge its presence, but we can't let it take over that moment. Turn that fear into anger, particularly I'm talking about when someone's coming to kill you. Right? In our culture, we have this very misunderstood idea of anger, and, you know, is it good anger or bad anger, and how do we place this? How do we use it? I will tell you right now, if someone's coming to take your life, you need to get angry, because they're trying to take something very precious away from you. It's OK to get angry in these moments. It's OK to get angry.

[01:22:47.56] We know that healthy people survive these a lot better than unhealthy people. Stay fit. These last three I'll walk through-- mental simulation. This is huge. This is huge. This is preparing for that bad day.

[01:23:04.93] Have you ever thought about being upside down in your car in a ditch after striking a tree? That ditch had water in it, and now water is filling your car, and you're hanging by your seat belt, and you have a broken arm, and you need to get out of that car. Oh, it's 3:00 in the morning, and you're on a back road. Nobody knows you're there. Oh, your cell phone fell in the water, and it doesn't work anymore. What are you going to do? Have you thought about it? If you haven't, I guarantee you'll be behind the curve when that day comes. If you think about it, you'll know what to do.

[01:23:43.82] Think about safety briefings on an airplane. That flight attendant, while you're taxiing, is going through that whole safety briefing, a very important step that a lot of us, including myself when we get on planes and here comes the safety briefing. You know, I know what to do in my arrogance. That's very important because it takes something from our long term memory and places it directly in our short term memory. What's the last thing those flight attendants tell you when they're going over their safety briefing? Anybody? Oxygen masks?

[01:24:21.66] MAN (IN AUDIENCE): Read the card.

[01:24:22.13] WOMAN (IN AUDIENCE): [INAUDIBLE]

[01:24:24.00] - He said it. In that seat in front of you, there's a little card with all the directions I just told you. Take it out and read it. Most people that survive a plane crash read that card. Why? It's just about the brain. Something that was back here in long term memory-- I don't need to read that card. They just told me. I know what's in there. I can picture the plane. I'm sitting in the plane. I can see the plane. Right? But seeing that card with the arrows, the exits, what those chutes look like when they pop out off the plane, it creates a mental image. Your recall is much faster. And you're able to execute a plan much better if you place that in that short term memory.

[01:25:08.68] Mental simulation-- it was one of the first days of training at the academy. Any time you get a call from that dispatcher, it comes over and you're going to a domestic, a car crash, a shooting, a murder, a burglary-- on your way there, what are you doing? You're thinking about the steps you need to do when you get there. I need to secure the scene. I need to make sure everyone is safe. I need to separate the parties. I need to call for resources. I need to notify my commander. I need to do all of these things. It's mental simulation.

[01:25:39.94] I could be 20 years into my career or I could probably talk to someone who's 20 years into their career, and they will probably tell me, every time I went to a call, I always mentally simulated what I needed to do when I got there. Not because I didn't know how to do it, but because I needed to execute it quickly without delay. Mental stimulation is huge.

[01:26:01.90] Next, have a family plan. This is vital. Think about when you were little and went to an amusement park-- buddy system-- you always came up with a plan, a reunification point. When you go out to eat with your families, do you take a minute or two and talk about where you're going to meet, what you're going to do if you get separated if there's a fire, or there's a problem? You're not in the safety of your house anymore. You are out in public where bad things can happen.

[01:26:29.37] I'll tell you right now, my wife and I, we have a plan that I simply can tell her, go. We've only ever had to use it twice. I can look at her and I can say, go. And she will do 10 to 12 different steps, depending on what the situation dictates. But I need to know that she's going to be safe, and she needs to know what I'm going to do. And she needs to be able to communicate to appropriate resources what I'm going to do.

[01:26:58.14] We were at Walmart one time, and someone who doesn't like me very much, because I had to do my job-- I ran into them at Walmart. I told my wife, go. We didn't have a domestic right there. She just went. My two young daughters, she took them, . went to a safe place, did what she was supposed to do. And I could deal with that situation. Thankfully, it diffused pretty easily. But in that moment, I need to handle that. And I need to know that she was going to be OK.

[01:27:27.59] Have a family plan. It is huge. Do your kids know what to do if you're in an accident. Or do you need to tell them what to do once you've had the accident? Hey, we're in a car right now. It's possible that some other car could hit us or mommy or daddy could make a mistake, and I could hit someone else. And here's what you're going to do. If mommy or daddy can't get out of the car, I need you to do whatever you can to climb out a window, to open the door. I need you to climb out and wait for the policeman or the firefighter. He's going to be right there waiting for you. Right? Have you ever had that conversation?

[01:28:03.60] You don't want to do it or have to think about you being unconscious in your car and your kids never were told what to do. They're really, really important life lessons that we can think about ahead of time. Take the time to do them. And finally, if you can, practice to whatever level you can, whether it's just a tabletop discussion, or you could go out in your car one time, and lock all the doors. And talk to your kids about, hey, the doors are locked, and mommy can't help you. Daddy can't help you. How can you get out? And talk it through. Practice it. Those are important lessons to do. Your family is everything. Even If you don't know it yet, your family is everything.

[01:28:50.28] Rick Rescorla-- we take the time to talk about Rick Rescorla because he is a champion for emergency preparedness. He was both in the British military and the United States military. He saw an incredible amount of combat and action. And his baseline for understanding the world was well above the average person. If you've ever seen that film or read the book, We Were Soldiers, the Mel Gibson film-- the book is better, like normal. He was talked about quite a bit in the book, because he was there in that battle. He led men through an incredible combat situation, and came out on a good side of it.

[01:29:32.52] He was ultimately hired to work in the South Tower in New York City. In the early '90s, when he was doing threat assessments, because his job was security and how to keep people safe on the 22 floors that Morgan Stanley and Dean Witter actually occupied in the South Tower, he said, we need to do some things. He brought in experts. He said, how can we make people safe? One of the experts that came in and said, hey, this building has a good chance to come down if somebody puts a bomb in the basement of it and tries to blow it up. It's what happened in 1993. Somebody tried to do that. They were ineffective. It created a lot of destruction. It didn't bring the tower down.

[01:30:13.48] When the Pan Am flight had gone down, he said, hey, I'm concerned that somebody is going to fly a plane into these buildings, and try and bring these things down. He said, it was going to be a cargo plane, not a commercial jet. And because he successfully helped-- not predict, but cautioned against the bombing-- he had a little bit of credibility. They took him somewhat seriously.

[01:30:41.28] He executed, on a quarterly basis, evacuations of all 22 floors and all employees out of the South towers. You think that would affect a business in New York City? He got buy-in. He was the crazy guy that wanted to always do this stuff. But he got buy-in from his people. On 9/11, when the South Tower was hit and the transportation authority said, hey everybody stay tight. We're going to figure out what's going on. Guess what he did? Everybody, we're leaving. Let's go. Everybody orderly left the building. He saved almost 3,000 people that day. He was last seen on the 10th floor, going back in to save more people. A champion for emergency preparedness.

[01:31:21.99] The next time someone says, hey, we're going to do an emergency drill, stop what you're doing. Take it seriously for the 10 minutes that it takes to do it. And then get back to what you were doing. It's important. It's very important. If you can get through denial and deliberation, we arrive here at the decisive moment.

[01:31:42.27] This is a ceremony that was taken from the three young men who heroically stopped the gunman on a train in Paris, if you remember this. They immediately took action, did what they needed to do, and saved countless lives.

[01:31:58.56] MAN (IN VIDEO): Little less than a month ago, three childhood friends were on a train heading for Paris when they heard a gun shot. Amid screams and commotion of the passengers, they quickly focused on a man wielding an AK47. Almost instantly, one of them said, let's go. And the three ran towards the shooter. Those three friends are with us, here today. Thank you, Alek, Spencer, and Anthony for what you did on that train and for joining us here.

[01:32:39.20] And that's because after Alek said, let's go, he and Spencer and Anthony sprinted toward the gunman while he turned his rifle on them. Spencer tackled the assailant, and the three worked to disarm him. As we know, Spencer was stabbed in the effort. After they knocked out the gunman, they tended to other injured on board before paramedics and police arrived.

[01:33:09.87] POLICE OFFICER: Incredible story. They had training. They had a level of training. They decided they were going to do something. When they did, they put all their resources, that prior training, that ability to work together, and they executed a plan. Was it perfect? No, because somebody got injured. There's a good take away. If you're going to go hands on with somebody, the chances you're going to get hurt or injured are very high. They survived. They saved a lot of people.

[01:33:34.26] When it's time to act, take all your available resources, whatever plan you have and execute it. Even if it's not the best plan, execute it at a very high level. And we will see very good outcomes during these horrific incidences.

[01:33:49.61] That's the first half. Everybody can breathe. Do we need to do some circular breathing? We're going to take a very short break. And by short-- I want to respect your time-- less than five minutes. Use the restroom. Stand up. I think coffee is in the back. And then we'll get back going and teach you the actionable steps.

[01:40:55.37] - Find your seats. We'll get started in a second. All right. So we had our first half, where we talked about the doom and gloom of things. So now what we're going to talk about is what you can do. So the whole point of the next half of the presentation-- there's things you can do to increase survivability. You're not helpless. So let's go through some do's and don'ts.

[01:41:30.81] Number of deaths-- the number of deaths depend on two things, how quickly law enforcement can arrive to put down that monster, and target availability. If that monster walks down that school hallway and doesn't see anybody, doesn't have anybody to blow up, shoot, stab, then there's nobody for him to kill. It makes sense. Right? Logical.

[01:41:49.23] Three minutes-- I laugh every time I talk about this. Three minutes is the national average that law enforcement will arrive to an active shooter event. When was the last time that you needed the police and we showed up in three minutes. That is phenomenal timing. There's an app for that. Believe it or not, there is an app on our cell phones that we carry in law enforcement that tells us when we're so close to a active shooter event. We carry equipment, on and off duty, to deal with these situations. We've been trained, and we've been given the responsibility to deal with these things. So we deal with them on and off duty. Keep in mind, three minutes is also a very long time to fight for your life. Three minutes can turn into an eternity.

[01:42:28.19] So denial-- we talked about denial in the beginning. Steve did. And we want to get past this as quickly as possible. We don't want that denial to slow us down. Now keep in mind, we're going to spend about two hours or so on this presentation today. I'm a realist. There's going to be denial. At some point during this event, if you ever find yourself in it, you're going to think, this can't be happening to me. What our hope is that what we've taken two and 1/2 hours to explain, that you're going to go through it within seconds. Hopefully yesterday, if you went through this event, it would take you a minute of denial. Maybe tomorrow it will only take you 10 seconds. So then that would give me 50 seconds of time to plan and figure out what to do.

[01:43:08.27] So playing dead-- so this is Christine Anderson. She's a survivor of the Virginia Tech shooting. She goes around the country explaining her thoughts about playing dead.

[01:43:16.49] CHRISTINE ANDERSON (ON VIDEO): We heard the first shots around 9:40 AM I was sitting on the wall of the classroom. In the hallway, I could hear the shots getting closer and closer, very quickly. And there was only a few seconds between the first time we heard them and when he actually walked in. To me, it sounded like an axe being taken to a piece of wood. And our teacher, she opened the door and peered outside. And she literally shut the door. And she said, call 911. And right then, he walked in, just seconds after.

[01:43:46.91] There was absolutely no time to think or to duck, or to take cover. People just fell to the floor. And he, literally, walked in shooting. And he went to the other side of the classroom and he started going down the rows. He went down each row very quickly, very purposefully. And I remember thinking, your turn is coming. You're going to get shot. I didn't realize there was an active shooter. But I knew something bad was happening. He came back to our classroom three times. And on the third time, he killed himself in the front of the class.

[01:44:20.95] In between each time he was there, you could hear people crying and coughing, and the cell phones started ringing. When he was in our class, I remember trying not to breath very much, so he couldn't tell I was alive. Because as my stomach was hitting the chair, I was thinking, he can see me breathing. He can see me alive. And I was real scared. I'd never forget when the swat team first broke in. [INAUDIBLE]. The officer in the front of the classrooms said, we have a lot of blacks in here.

[01:44:58.11] And at the time, I couldn't comprehend what he was talking about. But he meant triage codes. And I [INAUDIBLE] white and realizing what black meant. He looked over me and he said-- first he said, yellow. And then he changed it immediately, and he said, red. And that's when I first started panicking. I still couldn't speak. I was shot three times, lying on my back. And I'm thinking, what do you see? what can you see on me that I can't, that you would change me from yellow to red. He killed 12 people in my classroom, including our teacher.

[01:45:33.62] POLICE OFFICER: She gets shot three times-- well, she got shot three times because-- what's the purpose of him being there? It's to kill people. Right? That's his sole purpose of being there. It's to kill as many people as possible. So he's going to continue shooting until he's stopped. It's proven statistically that if you're shot once, you're more likely to be shot again. He's just going to keep going until somebody stops him.

[01:45:55.40] So the hide and hope-- so I'm going to hide underneath my desk, and hope that he doesn't find me. It's a couple of problems with that. So what are most things made out of these days? Cheap wood, cheap plastics. Is any of that stuff bullet proof, bullet resistant? Will it stop anything? No. Where do we keep most of our desks? We don't keep it by the door. Right? We don't keep it by an easy exit. We keep it in a far corner of the room most of time. So if you hide behind the desk, and he comes behind the desk and finds you, what have you done? What can you do at that point? Nothing. You put yourself at a tactical in-advantage.

[01:46:27.52] So here's the whole meat and potatoes of the program, avoid, deny, defend. All right? So Floyd, when we talk about avoid, we don't talk about running. We want to think of it more methodical. We want to avoid a situation, keeping our eyes open. We don't want to run blindly outside into somebody else that's out there trying to hurt people. So we want to look around.

[01:46:47.65] When we talk about deny through this presentation, once again, we're always trying to improve our position. Methodical thinking-- we want to see, hey, what can we do to increase survivability? And same thing with defend-- what can we do to be most accurate? What resources do we have to put together towards this? So the most important thing about avoiding the situation is being aware of the situation. So this video, I'm going to kind of debrief it. And we're going to talk over top of it. This is a President of a school board in Pensacola, Florida. And this is his school board meeting.

[01:47:20.50] SCHOOL BOARD PRESIDENT (ON VIDEO): [INAUDIBLE]

[01:47:28.34] We'll juggle on that following this meeting. This will be the first step in this whole process.

[01:47:38.63] MAN (IN VIDEO): [INAUDIBLE]

[01:47:40.59] [SCREAMING]

[01:47:43.04] MAN (IN VIDEO): Everybody is this room is trying [INAUDIBLE]

[01:47:46.57] POLICE OFFICER: That's probably a good indication

[01:47:47.83] MAN (IN VIDEO): [INAUDIBLE].

[01:48:23.26] [SCREAMING]

[01:48:32.74] - Can I help her? Can I help her?

[01:48:51.95] - I'm going to [INAUDIBLE]. Can you talk with me?

[01:49:00.68] - [INAUDIBLE] my condition

[01:49:01.68] - Why were you in prison?

[01:49:02.68] - You want to ask me a question?

[01:49:04.18] - [INAUDIBLE].

[01:49:06.17] - Don't ask me why.

[01:49:08.67] - I wanted to [INAUDIBLE]. I'll be very honest with you. I really wanted [INAUDIBLE]. I believe [INAUDIBLE] said that. But what if she didn't [? respond? ?]

[01:49:17.65] - A lot of people [INAUDIBLE]

[01:49:24.64] - Where did she [INAUDIBLE]? I think I need some help. It's not a bee sting.

[01:49:28.63] - Hey. How are you doing?

[01:49:30.62] - [INAUDIBLE]

[01:51:01.28] POLICE OFFICER: So no one actually died. So that first shot you see, actually, ricocheted off the desk in front of the president. And he just fell over in his chair. The gunman then fired five more times at the top of the desk, but didn't actually strike anybody. What you see is this school resource officer coming back in and putting him down.

[01:51:19.61] Being aware of what's going on-- hey, if somebody starts spray painting a V on the wall, get out. If somebody starts waving around a gun, get out. It's simple as that. Even if it was something that was supposed to be the there, but you didn't think of it at the time, get out of the situation. You can deal with it later on.

[01:51:37.79] So the next couple of slides, the videos that we're going to see, and some of the stills that we're going to see is from a Jewish deli in Paris, where a terrorist who was upset about the war in Syria came in with multiple weapons, one being an AK 47 and another rifle that he was using.

[01:51:59.56] People on the street use avoid. Right? If they're near the situation, they start getting away from the situation. We see people inside of the deli getting out. Know your exits. Leave as soon as possible. Call 911. Keep in mind that three minutes doesn't start until somebody calls us and lets us know what's going on.

[01:52:20.52] Consider secondary exits. All right, if you look right here in the corner, there, you see two people right here. All right.

[01:52:27.46] And listen, when we talk about the victims in these photos and videos, we don't do it to belittle them. They were put in horrible situations, all right? Listen, these people came to this grocery store to buy milk or dinner for the family. They didn't think they were going to meet terrorists with an AK-47 that day, all right?

[01:52:43.11] So this is a door. So in the video, it shows this gentleman. He goes to the door. And actually, because he's under such stress, he's in that code gray, code back, maybe. He pushes right above the push bar, and he pushes right below the push bar, but he actually never hits the actual push bar, all right? And then he just sits down.

[01:53:00.07] She's sitting here with her hands on her face on a ladder. Where's that ladder lead to? I don't know, roof, another room? Somewhere that's better than there. Know your exits.

[01:53:09.37] Consider secondary exits. Can go through the ceiling. Can get through the floor. Can go through drywall.

[01:53:14.23] Can you break drywall? Absolutely. What's most studs built out of, right? 16 inches off center, a stud? All right, I'm a big boy. If I guarantee that my life depends on it, I'll fit through 16 inches pretty easily.

[01:53:32.39] So deny. Lock the door. Lights out. We'll talk about why that's important. Get out of sight. Get away from the door. Get up against that wall where the door is at. If there is a window in that door, get away from it. Try to cover it if you have that ability.

[01:53:44.51] Whatever you have in that room, put up against the door. All right? Chairs, tables, book bags, a piece of paper, whatever you have.

[01:53:51.72] What you're trying do is you're trying to slow him down getting to you. You're trying to increase that time, that three minutes until law enforcement gets there to kill the monster, to slow him down, all right? Even if that door is an outward-opening door and you don't have any way to lock it, if you stack every chair up in this auditorium in front of that door, he needs now to get through all those chairs to get to you, right? So now, you're just increasing that time. You're increasing that time.

[01:54:15.56] A little acronym that we like to use is SEM-- security, enemy action plan, and medical. All right, security. So once you get into that room and you've denied him, how safe am I? Are there any other entrance to those rooms?

[01:54:29.15] Plan. What's my plan? If he does come in here, what am I going to do? If law enforcement comes in here, what am I going to do?

[01:54:37.28] Medical. Did I end with more holes than I started with that day, all right? Am I bleeding? Is anybody around me bleeding? Does anybody have training around in a group I'm in?

[01:54:46.10] Use the people that you're with. Use them as resources. Talk to each other. Hey, what's going on? What do you know that can help out the situation? Always be improving your situation. Always be thinking.

[01:54:57.62] Use whatever you have in that room. You know, sitting in the corner there with your hands over the side of your face is not going to make everything go away. It's just not. It's just putting yourself in a bad situation.

[01:55:08.32] Bags. You have heavy carts. You have an open door over here that's just being propped open with a box. Is that maybe something we can kick out of the way and lock? Possibly.

[01:55:19.21] There's a million and one ways to close an open door. I don't have a crystal ball. I can't tell you where you're going to be and what kind of door you're going to need to lock and how to lock that door.

[01:55:30.74] You kind of have to go back to your office, your classroom, your dorm, wherever you might find yourself, and figure out, hey, this is what kind of door I have. How do I need to lock it? If you go on Google and google it, there's a million and one websites out there on how to buy stuff and how to do it.

[01:55:47.80] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): As we have said all day, we have met people who remind us what teachers do, how much they care even in the face of terror. And I sat down with a first grade teacher at that school, Kaitlin Roig. She heard gunfire. Large windows exposed her classroom, so she managed to wrest 15 small children into a tiny bathroom to try to save their lives.

[01:56:12.29] - I put one of my students on top of the toilet. I just knew we had to get in there, and I was just telling them, it's going to be OK. You're going to be all right. I had pulled a bookshelf, before I closed the door, in front of it. So we were completely barricaded, and I turned the lights out.

[01:56:26.90] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): Did you tell them to be quiet?

[01:56:29.02] - Oh, yes.

[01:56:29.64] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): Did you worry about one of them--

[01:56:30.46] - No, I told them. I told them to be quiet. I told them they had to be absolutely quiet.

[01:56:34.45] Because I was just so afraid that if he did come in and then he would hear us, and then he would maybe just start shooting the door. So I said, no, we just have to be absolutely quiet. I said, there are bad guys out there now, and we have to wait for the good guys.

[01:56:48.15] I just wanted us to be OK. And I was so, so saddened that there are people who in this situation are not OK. And my heart goes out to anyone who knew anyone who was a part of it. I just can't imagine.

[01:57:09.53] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): Did they cry?

[01:57:11.45] KAITLIN ROIG (ON VIDEO): No. If they started crying, I would take their face and say, it's going to be OK. Show me your smile. I really tried to-- and one of my students would say things like, I know karate, so it's OK. I'll lead the way out.

[01:57:23.18] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): They really said to you, we want to go home for Christmas.

[01:57:25.68] KAITLIN ROIG (ON VIDEO): Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Mhm. Yep. "I just want to hug my mom," or just things like that that were just heartbreaking, you know? Because you're hearing-- I've never been a part of something, honestly, anywhere near this traumatic.

[01:57:45.56] And so I'm hearing the gunfire in the hallway, and I'm thinking in my mind, I'm the first classroom. Why isn't he coming-- you know, I'm thinking, we're next.

[01:57:53.03] And in my mind, I'm thinking, as a six-year-old, seven-year-old, what are your thoughts, what are your-- and I'm thinking that I have to almost be the parent. Like, I have to tell them--

[01:58:05.25] So I said to them, I need you to know that I love you all very much and that it's going to be OK, because I thought that was the last thing they were ever going to hear. I thought we were all going to die. And I don't know if that's OK for teachers, but I wanted them to know someone loved them, and I wanted that to be one of the last things they heard. Not the gunfire in the hallway. It was just horrible. It was just horrible.

[01:58:34.28] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): How did you know you were going to be OK?

[01:58:36.47] KAITLIN ROIG (ON VIDEO): I didn't. What finally happened was the gunfire stopped. The gunfire wasn't that long. So that stopped, but I said, no, we're not going anywhere. We're staying here until someone good comes in and-- I'm sorry-- gets us out.

[01:58:48.10] So eventually, what happened was the police came and started knocking. And obviously, I was completely beside myself. And I said, I don't believe you. You need to put your badges under the door. So they put their badges under the door.

[01:59:02.84] And I said, if you're really a police officer, then you would have a way to get in here. You would have a key, or you would have gotten it from the jan-- if everything was OK now, you would have found the keys. So he had the keys, and he found the right one, and he unlocked the door. And then they brought us out to the firehouse to meet up with the rest of the teachers and students waiting for parents to come and pick them up.

[01:59:23.53] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): I think there are a lot of people who want all the teachers to know how much it means to them how much they care about their children.

[01:59:31.80] - Mhm. How could you not?

[01:59:37.25] - Yeah.

[01:59:38.73] - Thank you.

[01:59:42.69] - And she only spoke, she said, because she wants us to know this is a school of teachers who care so much about each other and their students. She wanted to pay tribute to all of them tonight. And she is praying for all those who are grieving.

[01:59:58.61] TED ANTAL: What an amazing teacher. I mean, she did some awesome things. She didn't have, really, any training. She just kind of went off of instinct.

[02:00:05.17] I mean, listen to what she did. She knocked a bookcase in front of her door to barricade herself in there. And then she got all the kids out of sight and sound. She did everything right. She did an amazing job.

[02:00:17.42] So we try to avoid the situation. If we can't avoid it, we try to deny the person from getting to us. And we can't deny it.

[02:00:22.32] So it's time to defend. Position yourself in a good spot. Don't position yourself all the way across this room. Position yourself next to the door. Position as many people as you have that are able and willing to defend.

[02:00:35.00] There's 50 people in this room. If I stuck all 50 people of you in front of that door and I walked in here, no matter what kind of training or weapons I had, there would be nothing I would do. You guys would overwhelm me very easily, all right?

[02:00:47.15] What's going to kill you? The gun, the knife, all right? Fight for it. Point it away from people. Fight for your life.

[02:00:58.90] This is great video from inside the grocery store in Paris, again. We kind of see everything in action. This gentleman, he's looking at what's going on. He picks up a weapon, all right? Improvised weapon, right there, a bottle.

[02:01:11.47] We see the crowd in the corner. We kind of see everything happening that we just talked about. We see people trying to avoid a situation. We see a person utilizing that, playing dead.

[02:01:26.78] He actually goes to attack the gunman and notices that he actually has a way out. He doesn't have to attack him. So what he does is he takes the way out, all right?

[02:01:36.80] So when we talk about all this stuff, it's not linear, all right? You don't have to go from "avoid." You don't have to go from "deny." You don't have to go from "defend." You might find yourself in a situation where you might have to defend yourself, but then you get to a point where, oh, I can avoid it and get out of there, or I can deny him.

[02:01:53.60] So this is Lt. Murphy. He was a police officer in Wisconsin. He got a call. It was a quiet afternoon, and he gets a call for a active shooter at a temple.

[02:02:04.72] He responds. When he gets there, he's pulling up the driveway. He tries to retrieve the patrol rifle in his vehicle, and the locking mechanism's broke, all right? And he gets out. He sees two bodies. He actually had a ballistic shield in the back of his vehicle he didn't grab, and even he doesn't know why.

[02:02:22.48] He checks on the two bodies in the parking lot and sees somebody running across that looked out of place. He then challenges him, and then a gun fight ensues.

[02:02:32.74] He takes a round right to the neck. It drops him right there. He then gets behind his vehicle, and he actually is outflanked by the suspect. This guy, Lt. Murphy, he was in the military. He was definitely tactically sound. But he got shot in the face, and he got flanked.

[02:02:48.56] So the gunman came over the top of him and started shooting him and continuously shot him 15 times at 6 feet distance. It wasn't until his partner came up there and killed the monster is when he finally stopped shooting, all right?

[02:03:02.50] What's the point of this? He survived. He survived being shot 15 times at 6 feet. You can be shot and survive. When you're fighting for that gun, is there a chance that you might be shot? Absolutely.

[02:03:14.02] We just talked about it. It's not that big of a deal if he gets shot in the limbs, right? Because we just talked about it. Your blood's pooling. You're going through shock, right? Your blood's pooling, too.

[02:03:24.24] And so I said, if you get shot in the arm, if you get shot in the pinky, you're probably not going to die. But we don't want you to get shot in the pinky and you look at it like, oh, I'm over. I'm going to roll over and just die now. This is the end of it, right?

[02:03:37.58] REPORTER (ON VIDEO): Now, with an incredible survival story so many are sharing. A jogger using what she just learned in self defense class to save her own life when she was attacked on a run. NBC's Kayna Whitworth spoke with her and joins us now from Seattle with details. Good morning, Kayna.

[02:03:53.48] - Laura, good morning. Her story has a lot of women wondering what they would do if they found themselves in a similar situation. And that's what she wants-- to encourage women to take control so you can defend yourself if you have to.

[02:04:06.53] This morning, a shocking Instagram post sending chills and inspiration to women everywhere. It shows 36-year-old jogger Kelly Herron safe but battered after a brutal attack while she was out for a run.

[02:04:19.67] KELLY HERRON (ON VIDEO): As he was holding me down-- see my results of that.

[02:04:25.59] KAYNA WHITWORTH (ON VIDEO): [GASPS] Kelly Herron was 4 miles into a 10-mile run in this popular Seattle park when she stopped to use a public restroom.

[02:04:33.53] - As I was drying my hands, I became aware that something was wrong.

[02:04:41.13] KAYNA WHITWORTH (ON VIDEO): That's when police say this man, Gary Steiner, a 40-year-old known sex offender, assaulted her.

[02:04:46.89] KELLY HERRON (ON VIDEO): And it was a fight on the bathroom floor. All I could think was, not today, expletive.

[02:04:55.62] - And you were screaming that at him.

[02:04:56.52] - Screaming. I was screaming.

[02:04:58.88] KAYNA WHITWORTH (ON VIDEO): Take a look at these red lines-- her body-worn GPS showing her frantic attempts to get away from Steiner.

[02:05:05.03] - I was able to pull myself out through the front of the stall. And that door was jammed.

[02:05:12.20] - Yeah. You kind of went underneath it?

[02:05:14.27] - I started to feel like I was going to lose consciousness. But I got another surge of adrenaline, and I reached for the door. And I was able to get out.

[02:05:22.55] KAYNA WHITWORTH (ON VIDEO): Herron says self-defense lessons saved her. She fought back with tactics she had just learned three weeks earlier.

[02:05:29.51] - I learned to put your hard bones in soft, fleshy places. So I just started beating the side of his head with the side of my hand.

[02:05:38.15] KAYNA WHITWORTH (ON VIDEO): Jordan Giarratano of Fighting Chance Seattle says he's been teaching for more than 20 years.

[02:05:43.62] - This is one of the most surreal things I've ever seen in the four years I've been running this workshop. It's very inspiring and overwhelming and humbling.

[02:05:53.07] KAYNA WHITWORTH (ON VIDEO): One survey suggests 43% of women experience some sort of harassment while running. And self defense can give women the power they need if harassment turns into something worse.

[02:06:04.22] - Be loud, and fight like a savage.

[02:06:06.46] - And she did that.

[02:06:07.77] JORDAN GIARRATANO (ON VIDEO): Yes, she did.

[02:06:08.79] KAYNA WHITWORTH (ON VIDEO): Herron now says she feels empowered, writing on Instagram, "My face is stitched, my body is bruised, but my spirit is intact." What did police tell you when they got here?

[02:06:19.76] - That I did an awesome job and that I did a pretty good number on his face.

[02:06:29.62] TED ANTAL: Why did we just watch that video? Well, what training did she have? Really none. I mean, she took a little two-hour course the day before or week before. She really had no training. She wasn't a police officer. She wasn't military.

[02:06:39.76] But she fought. Not only did she fight this guy, but she whooped him pretty good. I mean, you look at her GPS, and she's all over the place. She took him for a ride and then locked the door behind her and waited till law enforcement got there and locked him up. She did a fantastic job.

[02:06:52.79] Why? Because she got angry. Because she had the will to fight. You have to have the will to fight. You have to think about what is motivating you to stay alive.

[02:07:00.64] What are you fighting for? Are you fighting because you're a teacher and you have a whole bunch of students behind you that are relying on you? Are you a coworker and you don't want the rest of your office who may not know what's going on being killed?

[02:07:13.27] You have to think about what you're fighting for. That person came to take everything away from you on that day, everything that you've worked hard for, take you away from your family. You got to think about what motivates you. Get angry. Don't become fearful.

[02:07:25.78] Now, listen, like I said, I'm realistic. I understand people are going to have fear in these situations. We don't want that fear to overtake you. We don't want that fear to be debilitating to a point where you can't move and you can't react to what's going on.

[02:07:36.55] And having a little bit of fear is actually a good thing. It'll make you faster and make you stronger, because you have that motivation. We just don't want it to overpower you.

[02:07:48.04] So we're going to kind of debrief Virginia Tech. So this is Norris Hall. This is where it all started. The first thing the monster did-- well, actually, that day, he killed two people.

[02:07:59.09] While the police were trying to find out what happened and why these two people were killed, the monster goes to Norris Hall. The first thing he does is chain the doors downstairs to hinder law enforcement. And it worked. It slowed them down.

[02:08:12.51] Everything happened on the second floor. So this is where we see the second floor, what we see in a typical school. Hallway, doors parallel to themselves. So the red squares are people that were killed, yellow squares, people that were wounded, and the green ones are people that weren't shot.

[02:08:29.02] So first room he goes in is 206. So they had no warning. They were caught off guard by surprise. He goes in, just starts shooting right away. All right, we see a large number of people shot and killed in that room.

[02:08:40.65] He then goes to 207. 207 hears what's going on in 206 and has a discussion, kind of has a denial phase. And the teacher even asks, why are those kids playing with fireworks across the hallway, and actually tells a student to go out there and see what's going on. The student goes out there, comes in and says, I think somebody's shooting.

[02:08:58.09] Well, he then comes in right after that and start shooting, all right? So they're in denial. So we see a lot of people in that room were shot and killed.

[02:09:05.47] So 211, they hear what's going on in the first two rooms. They go through the denial phase. They have a whole conversation about stuff. They start to come up with a plan, but by the time they come up to that point where they're ready to come up with a plan, he comes in, all right? He shoots everybody in that room, killing most of them.

[02:09:23.69] 204. 204 had a wonderful professor. He was a Holocaust survivor. He was in the camps at 10 years old. To say that he's had a stressful life is to minimize it quite a bit, all right? He's been through quite a lot of stuff in his life.

[02:09:42.90] He knew what was going on immediately. He reacted. He tried to lock his door. His door didn't lock.

[02:09:48.40] So what he did was he barricaded himself against the door. He told the students, jump out the window, get out the window. Second story. Can you jump out a second story window and live? Absolutely. Absolutely.

[02:10:00.23] They all jump out. The gunman then comes up to the door, tries to get into the room. The professor's there holding the door. There's a fight at the door. The gunman starts shooting through the door, kills the professor. Then the gunman enters the room. That's where we see some people being shot.

[02:10:15.26] But what do we see? We see people taking action. We see our numbers starting to drop, right? Less people being shot. Less people being killed.

[02:10:22.19] So 205. 205 has the most amount of time out of everybody, all right? They're the last room. They hear what's going on. They have their denial phase. They kind of deliberate, and they come up with a plan.

[02:10:33.14] Their plan is that, well, our door doesn't lock neither. So we're going to sit on the floor and hold the door with our feet to prevent the gunman from coming in. So the gunman does the same thing he just did with the professor. He comes in and tries get into the door. Can't get in. There was a fight there.

[02:10:46.76] He's able to get it open just a little bit, and he starts firing a couple rounds into the room. But they're able to close it again. He shoots through the door again but doesn't hit anybody, because they're all on the floor, all right? We see nobody shot. Nobody killed. We see people taking action, coming up with plans, and affecting the outcome of these situations.

[02:11:06.94] So here are the percentage breakdowns of each room. So the first room he gets to, we see 92% were shot. 77% were killed. Next room he goes to, the failed denial, 100% in that room were shot, 67% killed.

[02:11:22.49] Then the late denial, we see 85% shot. 36% killed. And then the professor's room, 204. All right? Look at the numbers. Look how much they dropped dramatically. Somebody is taking action, somebody's doing something, coming up with a plan, and people are being saved.

[02:11:37.61] And then our last room, 205. Nobody shot. Nobody killed. A actionable plan that was executed with all the resources and everything they could come up with, and it worked. They saved everybody in that room.

[02:11:52.07] So let's kind of walk through the attacks. An attack starts, what should we do? First thing we should think about is avoiding the situation. Are there any primary exits? Yes. Get out, avoid. Call 911.

[02:12:03.34] Any primary exits? No. Deny. Barricade yourself. Put everything against that door. Put everything against that wall. Tables, chairs, whatever we have. Turn off the lights.

[02:12:16.30] So we denied him. So any other exits? Let's start coming up with our other plans. Any other way we can get out of this room? Can we go through the ceiling? Can we go through that wall? Can we go through that floor?

[02:12:24.41] Can we jump out that window? Hey, but I'm on the third floor. I'm on the fourth floor. Can you jump out the window and survive? Yeah, you can. Are you going to probably break something? Yeah, you're probably going to break something. So other exits, yes. So avoid the situation.

[02:12:41.44] So any other exits? No. So it's time to defend ourselves. Get up against that wall. Grab whatever you might have in that room that you can use as a weapon. Chairs, keys in your pocket, a pencil.

[02:12:55.58] Don't fight fair. I'm not going to teach you guys how to be ninjas today, but don't fight fair. Gouge the eyes. Go for the groin. Go for the neck. Get everybody in this room against him and fight to survive.

[02:13:11.10] All right. So law enforcement response. So priority at work. So let's say you're sitting in the hallway. You've just been shot in the leg. And you see law enforcement arrive. Well, thank goodness, I'm all safe, right? I got medical attention right here. They're going to pick me up and carry me away. Wrong.

[02:13:25.30] Our first priority at work is stop the killing. If you're sitting in that hallway bleeding to death, we're not going to stop to help you. That's the reality of it.

[02:13:31.63] Until we go and stop this monster from killing people, people are going to continue to die. Even if my shift partner that I've worked with for 12 years, now, and is the godfather of my child-- if he takes a round in that hallway and drops down to the floor, I hope he brought what he needed to bring to survive that day, because I'm not helping him. He's on his own. Because until I go and put down that monster, people are going to continue to get killed and die.

[02:13:55.09] Eventually, you'll be stopped to dying. Keep in mind, EMS is not coming in. EMS is staged about five minutes down the road and waiting for the all clear.

[02:14:03.49] Now, I will say, especially in this region, I went to training past fall where we're starting to try to integrate EMS to get them in quicker. But they're not coming in initially, because if they start getting killed, if they start getting shot, blown up, or stabbed, well, who's going to start saving people? They have the training and the knowledge and experience to deal with these gunshot wounds and these injuries. We need them to be healthy to come in there and help people.

[02:14:29.52] And they'll eventually evacuate. Keep in mind, evacuate can come a long time after the initial response. People at the movie theater in Colorado waited two hours for law enforcement to get to them. Two hours. Can you survive two hours waiting for law enforcement? Medication, old people, young people. We have to consider all those. Bathroom breaks. Stuff to think about.

[02:14:56.02] When we show up, follow commands. Do what we say. Now, we understand fully that people have-- you know, we talked about that auto execution. We talked about tunnel vision. We understand that people don't always pay attention, and they're under a whole bunch of stress. Maybe some people in that room is code grey. Maybe some of them are code black.

[02:15:13.79] But as best as your ability, try to follow commands. If people aren't following commands, then we kind of have to divide our attention and figure out, well, is that person-- are they super stressed out because of what's going on, or are they a threat? We don't know.

[02:15:28.23] MAN (ON VIDEO): Are you ready? If you're not cool, I'm not walking them, dude. Sir? Go, go. Walk through that [INAUDIBLE] and keep your hands where I can see them. All the way to that deputy. You're going to make a left at the deputy's hat.

[02:15:50.64] Thank you. Thank you. Try to relax, everyone. Try to relax. I'll take a bullet before you do, that's for damn sure. Just be cool, OK?

[02:15:58.38] TED ANTAL: So it's a pretty famous video from St. [INAUDIBLE] We see a police officer interacting with everybody. Just listen to whatever the commands are. Keep your hands up. Put them on your head. Try to relax.

[02:16:08.86] We talked about, before, shiftiness in motion. What do paramedics do? We tell you to relax. Law enforcement, stuff like that. We try and calm everybody down. Just listen to the best of your ability.

[02:16:16.03] What do law enforcement look like when we show up? So in the upper right-hand corner here, we see law enforcement in what I'm wearing right now. What we see, police officers on the side of Route 50 giving out their citations everybody loves so much.

[02:16:27.88] Right there in the center, you'll see law enforcement wearing a whole bunch of other equipment. Listen, we can't wait for SWAT anymore. Those days are over with. We can't wait for people with other equipment to come. We have to carry everything that we need to deal with these situations. So we come with more armor, more equipment, different weapons to deal with these situations.

[02:16:46.96] There has been two instances where a SWAT team was the closest responding police to show up. It doesn't happen often, but it has happened. This gentleman right here in the khakis and the plaid shirt, he was at Food Lion shopping, and he got the call. And he arrived, all right?

[02:17:05.47] You might have a police officer show up with bunny slippers, a bathrobe, a AR-15, and a bulletproof vest. I had a teacher once asked me, well, how are we going to know the difference between the law enforcement and the bad guy? Well, we're not going be the ones shooting at you.

[02:17:19.06] But realistically, use your common sense. You heard the teacher earlier. What did she say? She asked for ID, right? Said, hey, can you slide your ID underneath the door? If that's practical and we can do that, we will try to accommodate that.

[02:17:31.01] But keep in mind that might not be practical and we might not be able to accommodate that, and we might have to kick in the door and come in there. Well, why is that important? Well, what did I just tell you guys to do? Somebody comes in that room, smack them over the head with a chair, right? That's great level of initiative.

[02:17:43.00] Now, every state trooper in the state has been given the same exact course, because of that. Because we need to know that, hey, we're telling you guys that if there is an attack and somebody comes in that room, smack them over the top of the head. So we have to be just as cognizant of that as you guys.

[02:17:58.90] WOMAN (ON VIDEO): When police arrive, remember, they are looking for someone holding a weapon. Put your hands up. Don't make any sudden moves. If you're a licensed handgun holder, make sure you set your gun down. Step away from it and put your hands up. Make it clear you're not a threat to anyone.

[02:18:16.99] You may be searched and then handcuffed by police. Until law enforcement is certain the threat no longer exists, you are to do exactly as they say until you're let out of the building.

[02:18:31.52] TED ANTAL: Yeah, it's important to realize that you might be put in handcuffs. You might be thrown down to the ground, all right? Don't take offense to that. Listen, the only call that we might have got is there's a student at a school with a gun.

[02:18:41.32] Well, that does not narrow it down very much for us, right? So we might walk into a large auditorium. There might be hundreds of people there. We have no idea who the shooter is. So we might have to put everybody in handcuffs. Don't get offended, all right?

[02:18:52.67] We'll figure it out. Just give us time. We'll figure it out who's the good guy and who's the bad guy. It might take time. Just try to follow commands as best as possible.

[02:18:59.57] If you want to be mad at me and, later on, you want to smack me in the face when we're all safe and everybody's alive, then that's fine. We'll have that conversation later on. But at the time, just try to follow commands. Just do what we need you guys to do.

[02:19:14.39] Medical. So we've talked about it before. So EMS aren't coming in, right? Do you have the medical training to deal with this situation? Do you know how to treat a gunshot wound? Do you know how to treat a laceration to the arm? There's stuff to think about.

[02:19:28.67] There's a awesome program. It's a national program. PRMC has adopted it. A whole bunch of nurses are going around teaching it. It's called Stop The Bleeding. If you google "Stop The Bleeding," there's a national website for it. And they train people on these traumatic instances like this and how to treat. I believe it is a two-hour course.

[02:19:50.48] Seek some kind of training. We have people that bleed out. I mean, that's reality. We have people that are waiting for help that are sitting there and bleeding, and 20, 30 minutes later, they're bleeding out and dying. So you have to think about what training you have.

[02:20:07.79] Personal issues. So to say that these events are horrific is to minimize it quite a bit. I can't even begin to fathom the first responders and the people involved in Sandy Hook, what they saw and what they went through. We have a lot of people that can't handle what they saw, and they take their own lives. They can't deal with it, and they don't seek help.

[02:20:31.34] The whole point of us talking about this is that these are going to be traumatic, horrific, horrible situations and that you're going to be affected afterwards. You're going to have survivor's remorse. Well, why did he get shot and I didn't?

[02:20:43.73] You're going to have nightmares. You're going to have PTSD. You think our soldiers across the sea is not seeing the same horrific sights that you see during these things? Absolutely, right?

[02:20:53.05] So an important thing is that you seek help, you seek some kind of guidance, some kind of counseling. A psychologist, a family member, a coworker, somebody. Reach out to somebody and say, hey, this is what's going on, and I don't think I can deal with it. And get that help. We don't want the dying and the killing to continue even after the event.

[02:21:16.47] So don't name them. So this is what we're going to end on. So this is a national campaign that ALERRT is pushing, all right? So if you notice, through our entire presentation, nor Steve nor I spoke of any of their names. None of the people that did these killings, we spoke of their names.

[02:21:32.20] Part of what these people do and why they do what they do is to get that notoriety. The community college in Washington State, he posted something online that said, if I do this, my name is going to be splashed everywhere. They understand that.

[02:21:45.07] Is this going to be a thing that will stop active shooters forever? No. Is this one part that we can take away from them? Absolutely.

[02:21:53.78] So when you're discussing these things and somebody brings up one of the shooter's names, say, hey, listen. Let's not name them. Let's talk about the victims. Let's name the victims. But we're not going to talk about the monsters.

[02:22:05.76] Anybody know who she is? Ms. Soto was a school teacher at Sandy Hook. She was one of the first classrooms in the hallway where he came into, and she heard the gunshots. So she told all her kids. She hid them all in the classroom, just like the last teacher did.

[02:22:23.69] While she was hiding them, the gunman came in. And she started saying to the gunman, hey, they're not here. They're in the cafeteria. They're not in this classroom.

[02:22:32.18] Unfortunately, the kids got scared at that time, and they started running out of their hiding places. He started shooting at them. She threw herself in front of the bullets that were being shot at her six-year-old students.

[02:22:42.75] These are the people we should talk about. Anybody know who she is? She was a teacher that was on lunch cafeteria duty. She's standing there. She looks over, and she sees the student standing there with a gun, looking over the crowd.

[02:22:58.49] She says to herself, not today. Not shooting my kids. And she actually goes over and tackles the gunman and actually pins him down, and then another person comes up and helps her. And they subdue him until law enforcement gets there.

[02:23:13.23] How about him? This is a little more recent. Yeah. Security guard/coach. He was seen running towards the gunfire. He put himself in front of the bullets. Those are the people that we should be thinking of.

[02:23:27.62] All right, so Steve is going to walk through a couple of items that, bare minimum, if you do nothing else, you carry these couple of items with you in your home office, school.

[02:23:39.48] STEPHEN HALLMAN: All right. So we have to deal with these injuries when we're faced with them. What we see come out of a lot of these instances are the fact that the people that died, in most cases, it's from blood loss. There are those that have that central nervous system wound either to the brain or to the spinal cord where they're out of the fight almost immediately. But unfortunately, many of the kids, many adults who die simply bleed out before people can get there.

[02:24:08.65] So we have to talk about that medical side for civilians that we don't need a $70 fancy kit with antibiotic ointment and band-aids. We need a trauma kit. The same thing our military personnel are carrying with them into battle, right?

[02:24:25.02] And in a lot of ways, you need to shift your thinking to when I'm leaving the safety of my home, I'm going into battle. That's a hard pill to swallow in the society that we live in today.

[02:24:36.11] Now, chances are, statistically speaking, that's probably not going to happen to you. But the fallout and the possibility of the consequences of not being prepared are too great to not be prepared for them.

[02:24:51.40] So we're going to break this down to simply-- I'm proposing three different items. There's more that can be helpful, but some of the most important.

[02:25:01.15] The first is a tourniquet. This is a combat application tourniquet, a CAT tourniquet, right? This is used to stop that arterial bleeding, that spurting blood coming from our limbs. If you take a gunshot wound to an artery in the arm, in the legs, you need to shut it down completely. If I'm shot in the lower arm and I have that spurting blood coming out of my arm, I need to shut the whole limb down, all right? To be sure.

[02:25:25.68] Because if I'm shot once, is it possible I could have been shot twice? Absolutely. That's how you need to think, all right? I'm shot once, I possibly can be shot more. So I'm going to shut that limb down.

[02:25:34.77] So with these tourniquets, what's great about them, they're just Velcro. And they have a windlass on them. They have an internal strap. I can apply this on my own.

[02:25:42.33] I'm going to apply the tourniquet. We say high or die. I'm going to put it as high on the limb as possible, all the way up into my armpit, and I'm going to cinch this down. I'm going to wrap it around. I'm going to lock it down with the windlass and tighten it.

[02:25:57.70] How tight am I going to make it? Until the bleeding stops. That's how tight I'm going to make it. If I can't stop it with one, I'll put another one on. Once this is on, I'm going to write down what time it went on. And then I'm going to leave it on there until a doctor takes it off.

[02:26:13.88] Again, if I need another one, I'll put another one on. But I never remove this. A doctor removes this. All the myths and things out there on tourniquets, I'll tell you right now. Get them out of your mind. These things are what save lives.

[02:26:24.95] Guess what's going to happen to you if you go in the hospital for a major surgery on a limb? Guess what doctors are going to use to control bleeding? A tourniquet, OK? They can be on for a very long time with little to no damage, all right? So put it on properly. We want to shut down the blood. Get these, all right?

[02:26:40.56] Be very careful of the market out there, OK? If you see a tourniquet for $5, be skeptical, all right? You don't want this thing to break when you're trying to use it. There's people capitalizing on this market right now.

[02:26:54.29] They generally cost between $20 and $30. The price is actually coming down. I just purchased this one about a month ago. This one, I paid $16 for. It has great reviews. I'm very impressed by it, all right?

[02:27:06.86] North American Rescue probably puts out one of the best ones that's out there. That one's closer to $31. Fantastic tourniquet, all right?

[02:27:15.80] Get these things. Medical supply stores online. You can find these things pretty much anywhere. There's a lot of different types of them, as well. This is a combat application tourniquet. There are others. They work great, as well.

[02:27:27.08] Whatever you get, train with it. Learn how to use it. This thing should be put on in less than 20 seconds. When we go to trainings, they'll do drills. They'll literally say, gunshot wound, left leg. Go. And we have to take our tourniquets out, put them on.

[02:27:40.58] Train them. Train in your classrooms. If you're a teacher, get your kids using these things.

[02:27:45.11] My daughter, she's 3 and 1/2 years old. She's started to learn how to use this. This will go with her to school in her backpack when she goes to school. She knows how to use this. If she can't tighten it completely down, she'll get it to a point where someone can help her out. Or maybe she'll go put it on somebody else that can save somebody else's life.

[02:28:01.29] These things are very easy to use, but you have to train with them and know how to use them, all right? Very simple. Awesome tool. I bought one for my wife for Christmas. She was thrilled. She's a nurse. She appreciated it. But the point being get them, OK? I got her something else, OK?

[02:28:25.72] Bloodborne pathogen concerns. Have it in your kit. You may or may not have time to put it on. But put it on if you can, all right?

[02:28:35.61] This here is a pressure dressing. Israeli bandage, all right? This is phenomenal for any severe laceration, major bleeding. Non-arterial bleeding, all right? So this is just blood running now, just coming out.

[02:28:47.22] What do we know about wounds? We need to apply pressure. This applies pressure on its own, OK? So if I have a problem on my arm, I can put this on.

[02:28:55.49] I can wrap it up twice. I'll come through this little plastic clip right here. And then once I go around, I can back it up through and go the opposite direction. Guess what it automatically applies? Pressure.

[02:29:05.72] Now, I've got two hands back in the fight. I'm good to go. No problem. Just a little blood, all right? You won't feel the pain anyway, because your adrenaline will be running.

[02:29:13.19] All right. And the next thing, third thing, right here. This is a Hyfin chest seal, all right? It's made by the company Hyfin. The product is a chest seal, all right? Occlusive bandage or dressing that you want to put on any type of thoracic wound, right?

[02:29:26.90] We want to prevent air from going into the chest cavity, collapsing those lungs. We want those lungs to be functional. So the faster you can get something like this on a thoracic wound, whether it be from a stab wound, whether it be from a bullet, a projectile entry, whether it's a shrapnel wound, you want to go ahead and shut down those holes that are on the body.

[02:29:45.62] This one and most of these, they have a sticky side on them, just like pads like on a AED. You can put this thing on. It'll be on there.

[02:29:52.28] This is a non-vented style. People often ask me, well, shouldn't you be venting the wound and letting it air out? Yes. If you know how to do that, do it.

[02:30:01.91] The most important thing is to get that hole covered. This is one that just completely seals it. I'll let the paramedic know when more advanced life support gets there, hey, I have a chest seal on that person right there. It's not been vented. Good to go. They can handle it. They can take care of it.

[02:30:16.13] So a tourniquet, a chest seal, and a bandage. The last thing I'll say about these medical supplies, something we have to think about, is they come in a nice, sterile, vacuum-sealed bag. Take them out of that package. Because when you have body fluid and blood all over your hands, you're just delaying time getting this on, all right?

[02:30:42.58] If one of you go down here in the next 30 minutes, I'm going to put this on you, OK? And guess what? It's been through hundreds of presentations and bacteria and nastiness, OK? It will go on you. We have antibiotics to deal with that stuff, OK? We're talking about major trauma, bad days where I'm not worried about infection right now, because I need you to be alive, all right? We will deal with that.

[02:31:08.80] This stuff needs to be readily available, easy to use. I keep it in a gallon size bag. Guess what I just have? Second chest seal. Now, it doesn't have sticky sides on it. I can just hold it on there. Guess what I keep in my wallet? Sandwich bag, all right? All folded up. Always have a chest seal with me, all right? Takes up no room. Always have it with me.

[02:31:29.81] Trash can liners-- chest seals available. Belts, tourniquets, right? Sometimes we have to improvise, because we won't always have it with us. They make tourniquets that fold up real tiny. You can put them in your pocket. But if I go out in public, I always have a tourniquet with me.

[02:31:45.26] I have a kit like this made up. It's in every one of my cars. I have one in my desk. We carry them in our patrol cars. They're available to us. If you have a organization or are part of a organization, you should have one by your AED so you always know where one is. I think that day is coming much more quickly than we thought.

[02:32:02.54] Get these things. Have them. For less than $50, right? This is $9. The chest seal's $12. Less than $50, you have a trauma kit that can save lives. The direction that we're going, I hope we get there sooner than later. Kids in schools and gym class, they should be using this stuff, learning how to use this stuff.

[02:32:21.50] Because we know more people can stay alive with medical equipment. We can't necessarily control how many bullets fly in the room. But we can control how many people survive if it's a medical issue that we can stop, OK? So get this stuff. Get it for your families. And have it with you.

[02:32:38.66] Up on the screen, a little bit different note. Resources. I'm a reader. I love to read. I love to learn about this stuff. These are not exhaustive books by any means, but these are some of the best that I found for a concise overview of what we learned today.

[02:32:51.95] Obviously, the one in the middle there, The Unthinkable by Amanda Ripley, that's an awesome read. It's interviews that took place. It teaches you a lot about the psychology of what people are dealing with when they're caught in the middle of this stuff, and it reinforces a lot of what we learned today.

[02:33:08.15] The top book is one of the best out there in terms of practical application. It will teach you where to park at Walmart to increase your ability to survive an attack of some sort, OK? They break it down. That school, Safe Haven International, is phenomenal. They take a lot of money, a lot of resources, and recreate these awful atrocities that we see across the world and put people through training scenarios and see how to respond. A lot of good research out there teaching people what are the best scenarios and best ways to survive.

[02:33:35.36] And then, finally, anything, I'll say this, by Lt. Col. Dave Grossman is an awesome book. This is a collaboration effort and an overview of some of his earlier works on combat and on killing, the psychology of dealing with death and killing people, understanding what goes on. It walks through, just extensively, that code chart, talking about the bell curve with arousal and performance in these horrific situations. If you like psychology, this is going to give you the full gamut of what we're not able to cover in a very short training.

[02:34:08.45] And most of all, the thing to remember is, today, this is the beginning of this kind of training. This is the beginning of your level of fear and anxiety of this stuff starting to come down. You might feel more heightened right now about it, but in fact, you have more knowledge. And what do we know? Knowledge diminishes fear. And that's our goal in this type of training.

[02:34:25.85] It's no different than you preparing for a test or exam, right? Why do we have test anxiety? Unfortunately, because we're unprepared, right? If you're prepared for something, you have less anxiety about it, all right? It goes down. That's just how our brain works. The more I prepare, I'm ready to go get it and nail it.

[02:34:43.76] So same thing about emergencies. The more I know about, the more I can be prepared. I can still have fear about it, but I know the steps I need to execute during a bad situation.

[02:34:55.28] And finally, our last slide here for you this morning is just some resources directly about this today. At the top, if you have any questions for us or if something comes up, a simple address to remember is CRASE.Maryland@gmail.com. That one, both Sgt. Antal and myself, we monitor that account and answer a lot of questions. Kind of a central repository for us dealing with the shore and a lot of the CRASE training going on. And obviously, you can email us directly, too. I have cards up here that I can be happy to give you.

[02:35:27.71] ALERRT.org. The larger body ALERRT down at Texas State University, that's their site specifically talking about law enforcement side. They have a lot information on there telling you about who they are.

[02:35:38.54] Think of ALERRT, again, as a school, all right? That's how it looked at at Texas State University, just like you have the business school and the education school. At Texas State University, that is a school down there, how to deal with active shooter and active threat situations. It's a whole school where you can get trained and educated on that, OK? So that one.

[02:35:57.68] Next, Avoid, Deny, Defend. That is a website specifically for this program that you learned about today. If you want to tell others or have a refresher of what you learned about, go to that website. If you want to tell people, hey, this is what I went to. I don't know if I can adequately explain it to you. Check out this website. This is what I learned about.

[02:36:14.58] There's also the full-length, about 15-minute video that may be posted at some point for the campus to see. It's Walmart got together-- I believe it's Walmart, correct? Yes. And basically did a whole start-to-finish training. And they videotaped the whole thing. You saw a clip of it there with the officers coming in and escorting people out of the building there at the end of presentation.

[02:36:37.55] So awesome resources for you. And finally, that last one, this is an awesome campaign. ILoveYouGuys.org. It's an organization that exists-- a father who lost his daughter, unfortunately, in the attack. Not the Columbine that we think of, a later shooting that happened out in Colorado. But he lost his daughter, and he's devoted his entire existence into helping kids be safe at schools, at buildings. And this is all free resources about developing emergency operation plans and strategies and standard response protocols for dealing with emergencies within a building.

[02:37:14.69] The focus there is a lot on lockdown. What we know about lockdown? It's one of the best possible things you can do. Because for someone to get into a room, what does it take? Time. And what is bad guys know they don't have a lot of with these things? Time. So if you can get yourself into a locked room and secure it away from windows, that's a really good place to be.

[02:37:34.71] But we're being proactive and not passive, thinking about what happens when a bomb goes off or a fire starts. How can I get out? I'm not hiding and hoping. Everything we teach today and, from here on out, think about in your mind is proactive. How can I improve my position? That tactical advantage that you want to have in life.

[02:37:54.32] When you walk out that door, there is no more code white. No more code white. Get that out of your mind. Your code should be code yellow when you leave that front door, all right? Your head is up. You're looking around. You're aware of your surroundings. You have self-awareness, and you have situational awareness. And you're fully covered. Sound good?

[02:38:13.16] TED ANTAL: Anybody have any questions real quick?

[02:38:13.86] - Any questions? Yes, ma'am.

[02:38:16.17] AUDIENCE: This is a dumb question, but--

[02:38:17.95] TED ANTAL: There are no dumb questions.

[02:38:18.72] AUDIENCE: I'm thinking of this, and you're trying to be quiet. Can you text 911?

[02:38:26.12] - I don't even know if our center has that capability.

[02:38:28.04] - Yeah, it depends on where you are in the region. Now, I know there are some counties. Across the bridge, yes. Around here, they're starting to bring in that equipment. But I don't think it's fully operational yet.

[02:38:42.08] - So yeah, I don't know if ours does.

[02:38:43.08] - So the short and long is we don't know. And it all depends. It all varies, because every county is controlled by a different I1 center. So it all kind of depends on what their capabilities are.

[02:38:52.37] - Yeah. Now, the strategy-- use your phone as an advantage, all right? A lot of times, we heard earlier on with the cell phones coming out-- put those cell phones away. Don't use them.

[02:39:00.92] Now, do you want to have them silenced? Absolutely. If you have the ability to think, if you're caught in an emergency, hey, silence that phone-- probably important. Get information out.

[02:39:08.99] Maybe get good information out. A description of the shooter, a description of what's going on. Post something on social media. Not, hey, this is awesome. But maybe good information that can help the threat be stopped, all right? We can tactically use our cell phones, all right?

[02:39:27.68] If we have the capability here on the shore-- this is the first time I've ever heard that question, it's a great question-- I don't know for sure. I don't know through the police department if maybe through Twitter or something like that-- I don't know how all that's monitored. But I'm going to look into it. I don't know, to be 100% honest.

[02:39:45.20] AUDIENCE: I think Delaware has it, because there's a big billboard right up by Secret that says, if you can't call, text 911.

[02:39:50.89] - Perfect

[02:39:52.18] - Technology is out there. It's just it's fairly new. So it's just kind of being rolled out.

[02:39:57.64] - Yes, sir.

[02:40:00.06] MAN: We try to provide information on a lot of other websites. This is one of the challenges we have. But if you're ever in a situation, to answer your question about texting 911, you have the ability on a Verizon phone on campus to hit pound 77. And it'll ring directly to police dispatch.

[02:40:17.91] A lot of people don't know that. That's just as good as 911 if you have a Verizon phone. So that capability, we've had for several years.

[02:40:27.92] AUDIENCE: That's SU's the police department?

[02:40:30.54] - That's who's going to be coming. SU Police Department will be the first responders.

[02:40:35.06] - Yep. And pound 77 is the state police. If you're anywhere in the state, you hit pound 77. It'll go directly to the closest barrack.

[02:40:44.37] - Anyone else? No? OK.

[02:40:49.24] - Well, thank you so much for your time.

[02:40:50.70] [APPLAUSE]

[02:41:02.39] MAN: I want to thank our guests, the gentlemen from Maryland. I love saying that, the Maryland State Police.

[02:41:10.58] CAMERAMAN: There's a button on there.

[02:41:15.97] - I think he said it was just if you slide.

[02:41:17.58] - OK.

[02:41:18.60] - There you go, sir.

[02:41:19.23] - Thank you. Used to delegate. But I want to thank the gentleman from the Maryland State Police. I think this was a extremely comprehensive training. A lot of information. Lt. Delfonso for putting this together with the help of IT and other individuals, publications, et cetera.

[02:41:40.29] We have a lot of work to do with regards to this. We've been teaching a model for several years, Run, Hide, Fight. And I was a firm believer in Run, Hide, Fight because it was recommended by the Department of Homeland Security and FEMA.

[02:41:54.75] These gentlemen convinced me that we need to move towards best practice at all times. And this is an evolving situation, but I have full confidence in what they taught this morning. I feel that it will help save lives. It will minimize trauma. It will help us ensure that the campus is safe.

[02:42:16.35] Our job is to try to saturate the university or our customers with this information, try to get as much information regarding this training out to as many people as we possibly can. And that's the charge that I've given my leadership team. I know they've adopted this program at Towson University. I'm a member of the USM chief's council. All the police chiefs, we meet once a month to talk about things like this.

[02:42:42.42] And Towson University is ahead of the game with regard to this. SU's going to be right behind them. Trust me. So you'll see a lot of this. We're going to take our show on the road. So any campus departments or on the academic side, student affairs side, anybody in any clubs or organizations that want this program on a more individual and intimate basis, we're going to be able to provide that.

[02:43:07.61] We have-- I forget the date. Later on this month, am I correct? We're sending a couple of our officers within our police department who are hand-selected. They may not be able to deliver as much as an individual with background in a classroom, but they're going to have the knowledge, the certification, and the training to take this information campus-wide. And we're going to try to get it out as much as possible.

[02:43:35.43] It also would help everyone in this room that had the privilege of witnessing this, or if you happen to be watching it via livestream, to get the word out. Get the word out. This is extremely important. We seem to have a heightened awareness of this when something happens nationally, and then as time goes on, we don't hear any more about active shooters. People seem to lose interest to a certain degree.

[02:43:58.80] So that's our plan moving forward. I want to thank everyone who attended here taking time out of your busy schedules to support this program. It means a lot to us. And if you have questions for SUPD as well as MSP, please feel free to reach out to us. So any questions to me while I'm standing here? Anybody? Yes, sir?

[02:44:21.77] AUDIENCE: Is it possible to get a copy of the presentation to share with coworkers back in the office [INAUDIBLE]?

[02:44:27.35] - It's been recorded. I don't know if there's any copyright issues or whatever.

[02:44:30.79] STEPHEN HALLMAN: Yeah. Right now, it's been recorded. I'm in talks with ALERRT about how we're going to roll that out. What they did tell me is that, right now, they have the video posted, and they are working on a full online slide presentation of this. I expect it in the fall is where they are.

[02:44:50.94] We are trying to find out if we can go ahead and publish this to the wesbite, because it was recorded today. And we will determine if that's available if we can. Part of it's dealing with this is all funded through the DOJ, and there's copyright issues and red tape that's stuff we have to work through. Nobody's trying to prevent it from being out there. We just want to make sure we don't break any laws trying to do it.

[02:45:17.19] So watch the website and directly through Salisbury University Police Department, and I'll advertise from there. But in the coming months, you should see something from ALERRT coming out with an online model for this.

[02:45:31.23] - Thank you. Thank you. Any other questions? Yes, ma'am?

[02:45:35.07] AUDIENCE: Could you back up the slide show to the books? I didn't get all of it. If you search for "staying alive," you get 27-- so I want the author.

[02:45:46.33] - Yes, ma'am. So up there, if you look up Safe Haven International, that should come up. Also, Lieutenant, there was a flyer on the outline that was also posted. Did that go out on the website?

[02:46:02.00] TED ANTAL: It did.

[02:46:03.20] STEPHEN HALLMAN: On the Salisbury University Police website, there's a flyer that basically highlights what we talked about today. It's just an outline, one-page outline, and all those books are listed on there, as well.

[02:46:15.48] TED ANTAL: No, I think, actually, we took the books off of that. In the email that went out advertising this, that's the flyer. So they're not on there.

[02:46:24.59] - OK. No problem. Beyond that, if there are specific questions like that, email us. It takes me no time at all to put a link on there to those books.

[02:46:37.29] - Anything else? Thank you very much for supporting us and attending this presentation. Thank you.

[02:46:44.50] [APPLAUSE]